死亡驱力
死亡驱力，或译死本能（德语：Todestrieb, 希腊语拉丁转写：Thanatos, 英语：Death Drive）是一个精神分析概念，指趋向死亡和毁灭的冲动，通常由攻击性、强迫性重复和自我毁灭等行为表现出来。它最初见于萨宾娜·施皮尔赖因1912年的论文《毁灭是存在的原因》中[1][2][3]，后由西格蒙德·弗洛伊德发展[4]。死亡驱力代表了攻击、破坏、自杀等破坏性驱力，试图终结生命，回归无机物的状态。
弗洛伊德认为，死亡驱力是一种先天的、无意识的力量，与生命驱力相对抗，两者共同决定了人的行为和心理。[5]
不过，死亡驱力的概念在心理学界一直存在争议。许多心理学家质疑其科学性，认为缺乏实证依据。这一概念也不太符合后世心理学的研究范式。因此,死亡驱力更多地被视为一种哲学性的思辨概念，而非科学理论。
尽管如此，死亡驱力的概念对于理解人类某些自我毁灭和破坏性行为可能仍有一定的解释力，因而在精神分析和某些哲学讨论中仍有一定的影响。
名称
[编辑]在后弗洛伊德思想中，死亡驱力有时被称为塔纳托斯（指希腊神话中死亡的拟人化形象），与爱欲或生本能厄洛斯相辅相成，尽管弗洛伊德本人并未使用过这一术语，而是由威廉·施特克尔于 1909 年引入，然后在当前语境中由保罗·费德恩引入。[6][7]后来的精神分析学家，如雅克·拉冈和梅兰妮·克莱因，都对这一术语展开了论述。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Spielrein, Sabina. Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being. Journal of Analytical Psychology. April 1994, 39 (2): 155–186. doi:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1994.00155.x. Free pdf of the full essay 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2016-03-06. by the Arizona Psychoanalytic Society.
- ^ Spielrein, Sabina. Destruction as Cause of Becoming. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought. 1995, 18 (1): 85–118.
- ^ Spielrein, Sabina. Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens. Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen. 1912, IV: 465–503 （德语）.
- ^ Sigmund Freud, "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" in On Metapsychology (Middlesex 1987), p. 316.
- ^ See occurrences of "death drives" and of "death drive".
- ^ Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3. New York City: Basic Books. 1957: 273 [1953].
It is a little odd that Freud himself never, except in conversation, used for the death instinct the term Thanatos, one which has become so popular since. At first he used the terms "death instinct" and "destructive instinct" indiscriminately, alternating between them, but in his discussion with Einstein about war he made the distinction that the former is directed against the self and the latter, derived from it, is directed outward. Stekel had in 1909 used the word Thanatos to signify a death-wish, but it was Federn who introduced it in the present context.
- ^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand. Thanatos. The Language of Psychoanalysis. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 2018 [1973]. ISBN 978-0-429-92124-7.[永久失效链接]