现存最古老大学列表

本表列出现存的最古老的大学，包括公元1500年以前的大学。

列表

年份	备注	大学	位置		语言
年份	备注	大学	原址	现址	语言
1180–1190^[1]	c. 1088开始教学	博洛尼亚大学	意大利王国神圣罗马帝国	意大利博洛尼亚	意大利语
1150–1250	1200年法王菲利普二世授权巴黎大学，1215年教皇英诺森三世承认。1257年左右由索邦创建索邦学院，法王路易九世授权。1793年法国大革命废除索邦大学^[2]，1806年拿破仑的法兰西大学取而代之。1896年巴黎大学重建。1970年分裂为13所大学和众多专门机构。2018年巴黎第四大学和巴黎第六大学合并为索邦大学。^[3]^[4]				法语
1200–1214^[5]	c. 1096开始教学	牛津大学	英格兰王国	英国牛津	英语
1209–1225^[6]		剑桥大学	英格兰王国	英国剑桥	英语
1218–1219^[6]		萨拉曼卡大学	莱昂王国	西班牙萨拉曼卡	西班牙语
1222^[6]		帕多瓦大学	帕多瓦中世纪共同体	意大利帕多瓦	意大利语
1224^[6]		那不勒斯大学	西西里王国	意大利那不勒斯	意大利语
1290^[6]		科英布拉大学	葡萄牙王国	葡萄牙科英布拉	葡萄牙语
1293^[6]	1346教皇认证	巴利亚多利德大学	卡斯蒂利亚联合王国	西班牙巴利亚多利德	西班牙语
1308^[6]		佩鲁贾大学	教皇国	意大利佩鲁贾	意大利语
1348^[6]		查理大学	波希米亚王国神圣罗马帝国	捷克布拉格	捷克语
1357^[6]	最初1246–1252	锡耶纳大学	锡耶纳共和国	意大利锡耶纳	意大利语
1361^[6]		帕维亚大学	维斯孔蒂家族	意大利帕维亚	意大利语
1364^[6]	1400重建	雅盖隆大学	波兰王国	波兰克拉科夫	波兰语
1365^[6]		维也纳大学	奥地利公国神圣罗马帝国	奥地利维也纳	德语
1385^[6]		海德堡大学	普法尔茨神圣罗马帝国	德国海德堡	德语
c. 1400^[6]	最初1343 –c. 1360	比萨大学	比萨共和国	意大利比萨	意大利语
1404^[6]		都灵大学	萨伏依公国	意大利都灵	意大利语
1409^[6]		莱比锡大学	神圣罗马帝国	德国莱比锡	德语
1410^[6]–1413^[7]		圣安德鲁斯大学	苏格兰王国	英国圣安德鲁斯	英语
1419^[6]		罗斯托克大学	神圣罗马帝国	德国罗斯托克	德语
1430^[6]	最初1391–1394	费拉拉大学	埃斯特家族	意大利费拉拉	意大利语
1431^[6]	最初1303–c. 1400	罗马大学	教皇国	意大利罗马	意大利语
1444^[6]		卡塔尼亚大学	西西里王国	意大利卡塔尼亚	意大利语
1450^[6]		巴塞罗那大学	阿拉贡联合王国	西班牙巴塞罗那	加泰罗尼亚语
1451^[6]		格拉斯哥大学	苏格兰王国	英国格拉斯哥	英语
1456^[6]		格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学	神圣罗马帝国	德国格莱夫斯瓦尔德	德语
1457^[6]		弗莱堡大学		德国弗莱堡	德语
1459^[6]		巴塞尔大学		瑞士巴塞尔	德语
1459^[6]–1472^[8]		慕尼黑大学		德国慕尼黑	德语
1475^[6]		哥本哈根大学	丹麦卡尔马联盟	丹麦哥本哈根	丹麦语
1476^[6]		图宾根大学	神圣罗马帝国	德国图宾根	德语
1477^[6]		乌普萨拉大学	瑞典王国卡尔马联盟	瑞典乌普萨拉	瑞典语
1495^[6]		阿伯丁大学	苏格兰王国	英国阿伯丁	英语
1499^[6]		马德里康普顿斯大学	卡斯蒂利亚联合王国	西班牙马德里	西班牙语
1500^[6]		瓦伦西亚大学	阿拉贡联合王国	西班牙瓦伦西亚	西班牙语

参考文献

^ Jacques Verger. Patterns. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (编). A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 16 October 2003: 48. ISBN 9780521541138. There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the studium elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.
^ Jones, Colin. Queen of Cities. Paris : The Biography of a City. Paris: Penguin Books. 2006: 60. ISBN 978-0-14-303671-5.
^ Study International, Consolidation of two elite Paris universities confirmed for 2018. 18 April 2016 [16 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 August 2020）.
^ The Pie News, Mega university planned for Paris's Left Bank. [16 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 August 2017）.
^ Jacques Verger. Patterns. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (编). A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 16 October 2003: 52–53. ISBN 9780521541138. There were schools in operation in Oxford from at least as early as the middle of the twelfth century; an embryonic university organization was in existence from 1200, even before the first papal statutes (1214), which were complemented by royal charters, had established its first institutions
^ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 Jacques Verger. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg , 编. Patterns. A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press). 16 October 2003: 62–65, 68 [29 March 2021]. ISBN 9780521541138. （原始内容存档于10 April 2021）.
^ A brief history of the University. University of St Andrews. [20 February 2021]. （原始内容存档于20 October 2020）.
^ Hastings Rashdall. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: pt. 1. Italy. Spain. France. Germany. Scotland, etc. Clarendon Press. 1895: 270–272.

[Verger_Bologna-1] Jacques Verger. Patterns. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (编). A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 16 October 2003: 48. ISBN 9780521541138. There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the studium elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.

[Jones,_2006-2] Jones, Colin. Queen of Cities. Paris : The Biography of a City. Paris: Penguin Books. 2006: 60. ISBN 978-0-14-303671-5.

[3] Study International, Consolidation of two elite Paris universities confirmed for 2018. 18 April 2016 [16 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 August 2020）.

[4] The Pie News, Mega university planned for Paris's Left Bank. [16 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 August 2017）.

[Verger_Oxford-5] Jacques Verger. Patterns. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (编). A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 16 October 2003: 52–53. ISBN 9780521541138. There were schools in operation in Oxford from at least as early as the middle of the twelfth century; an embryonic university organization was in existence from 1200, even before the first papal statutes (1214), which were complemented by royal charters, had established its first institutions

[Verger-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 Jacques Verger. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg , 编. Patterns. A History of the University in Europe. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press). 16 October 2003: 62–65, 68 [29 March 2021]. ISBN 9780521541138. （原始内容存档于10 April 2021）.

[St_Andrews-7] A brief history of the University. University of St Andrews. [20 February 2021]. （原始内容存档于20 October 2020）.

[Ingolstadt-8] Hastings Rashdall. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: pt. 1. Italy. Spain. France. Germany. Scotland, etc. Clarendon Press. 1895: 270–272.

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参考文献