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氟西汀

维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自百憂解
氟西汀
氟西汀 (上),
(R)-氟西汀(左), (S)-氟西汀(图右)
临床资料
读音US: /fluˈɑːksətn/ floo-AHKS-ə-teen
UK: /fluˈɒksətn/ floo-OKS-ə-teen
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureProzac、Sarafem及其他
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa689006
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : C
成瘾性[1]
给药途径口服给药
药物类别选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI)[2]
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度60–80%[2]
血浆蛋白结合率94–95%[5]
药物代谢肝脏 (大多数由CYP2D6介导)[7]
代谢产物去甲氟西汀
生物半衰期1–3天 (急性)
4–6天 (慢性)[7][8]
排泄途径尿液(80%), 粪便 (15%)[7][8]
识别信息
  • N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
CAS号54910-89-3  checkY
56296-78-7  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.125.370 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C17H18F3NO
摩尔质量309.33 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
手性外消旋体
熔点179至182 °C(354至360 °F)
沸点395 °C(743 °F)
水溶性14
  • CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F
  • InChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

氟西汀INN:fluoxetine),商品名百忧解(Prozac),是一种选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)类抗抑郁药[2]。在临床上用于治疗成人重性抑郁障碍强迫症神经性暴食症社交恐惧症[10][11],还用于治疗具有或不具有特定场所畏惧症世界卫生组织(WHO)称广场恐怖症)的惊恐症[12]

此药或可降低超过65岁人群的自杀风险。给药途径为口服给药[2]

氟西汀的常见副作用有睡眠不安、食欲减退、口干、皮、怪梦。较为严重的副作用有血清素综合症躁狂癫痫、出血风险增加,以及导致儿童、青年、青壮年、少于65岁者自杀风险增加[12]。突然停药可能会引发SSRI戒断综合症(参见抗忧郁药停药症候群),导致焦虑、头晕、感官变化、产生自杀念头[2]。此药于个体在孕期期间使用会影响胎儿发展[12]。如果个体之前已在使用此药,在母乳喂养期间应停止使用[13]。此药作用机理尚未完全阐明,一般认为可能和脑中血清素活动增加有关[2]

氟西汀由礼来公司于1972年发现,1986年投入医疗用途[14]。此药属世界卫生组织基本药物,为基本卫生系统所需的最重要药品之一[15]。目前也有其通用名药物在市场中贩售[2]。截至2014年 (2014-Missing required parameter 1=month!),批发价格约为每日剂量0.01到0.04美元[16]。而在美国每日花费约为0.85美元[2]

尽管现在已有不少较新的药物,氟西汀在临床应用中依然十分常用。在2010年,美国医疗机构总共开出超过2,440万次氟西汀的处方笺,此时氟西汀已是美国市场上第三常用抗忧郁药物(位于舍曲林西酞普兰之后)[17]

礼来公司亦推出将氟西汀与奥氮平以固定剂量混合的复方药,名为奥氮平/氟西汀英语olanzapine/fluoxetine(商品名称:Symbyax)。此药物分别于2003年及2009年获得美国食品药物管理局(FDA)的核准,前一次核准用于治疗第一型双相障碍的忧郁发作,后一次核准则用于治疗顽固型忧郁症英语Treatment-resistant depression[18][19]

医疗用途

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氟西汀泡壳包装英语blister pack的20毫克胶囊剂
氟西汀10毫克片剂(或称锭剂)。

氟西汀广泛应用于治疗严重忧郁疾患强迫症(OCD)、创伤后压力症(PTSD)、心因性暴食症恐慌症经前焦虑症拔毛癖[20][21][22][23][24][25]。此外,它也被用于治疗猝倒症英语cataplexy肥胖症酒精依赖[2]以及嗜食症[26]。然而,研究显示氟西汀对于社交焦虑症似乎没有疗效[27]。虽然研究不支持其对自闭症儿童有益,但初步证据显示它可能对成人自闭症患者有所帮助[28][29][30][31]。初步研究亦指出,早期合并使用氟西汀与氟伏沙明,可能具有降低COVID-19严重程度的潜力[32]

忧郁症

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氟西汀已被核准用于治疗儿童及成人的严重忧郁疾患[33]。虽然氟西汀的疗效可能不如其他抗忧郁药物,但人体对其有较佳的耐受性[34]

强迫症

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氟西汀已被证实能有效治疗成人强迫症(OCD)[35]。同样地,它对于儿童及青少年强迫症也具疗效[36][37][38]

恐慌症

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两项为期12周、随机分配、多中心的三期临床试验证实氟西汀在治疗恐慌症方面的疗效,这些试验招募有被诊断患有恐慌症(无论是否伴有特定场所畏惧症)的患者。在第一项试验中,研究结束时,氟西汀治疗组有42%的受试者不再出现恐慌发作,而接受安慰剂组的比例为28%。在第二项试验中,研究结束时,氟西汀治疗组有62%的患者不再发作恐慌,而安慰剂组的比例为44%[5]

心因性暴食症

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于2011年进行的一项系统性回顾,探讨7项将氟西汀与安慰剂用于治疗心因性暴食症的试验,其中6项发现氟西汀在统计学上显著减少呕吐暴饮暴食等症状[39]

经前焦虑症

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氟西汀可用于治疗经前焦虑症,这是一种女性在月经黄体期可能会出现情绪和身体症状的疾病[6][40]。每日服用20毫克氟西汀能有效治疗经前焦虑症[41][42] ,但每日10毫克的剂量也已证实能有效缓解此病症的症状,并被临床医师处方使用[43][44]

冲动性攻击行为

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氟西汀被认为是治疗低强度冲动性攻击行为的首选药物[45]。氟西汀能减少间歇性暴怒症边缘型人格障碍患者的低强度攻击行为[45][46][47]。此外,氟西汀也能减少有家庭暴力酗酒者的施暴行为[48]

肥胖与过重成人

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于2019年进行的一项系统性回顾,比较使用不同剂量(每日60毫克、40毫克、20毫克、10毫克)的氟西汀对肥胖与过重成人体重的影响[49]。由于证据品质不佳,研究者未能得出确切的结论[49]

特殊族群

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在儿童和青少年族群中,由于初步证据显示其疗效和耐受性较佳,氟西汀是抗忧郁药物的首选[50][51]

然而,发表于《加拿大妇产科杂志(Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada)》的一项针对21项研究的系统性回顾与统合分析总结指出:"近期研究显示,母亲使用氟西汀与胎儿心脏畸形风险增加的相关,也出现在怀孕期间延迟使用SSRI以治疗忧郁症的妇女身上,但前述母亲使用氟西汀与胎儿心脏畸形风险增加的关联性,很可能只是一种确认偏差所导致的结果。总体而言,在怀孕初期接受氟西汀治疗的妇女,其胎儿发生重大畸形的风险似乎并未增加"[52]

不良反应及副作用

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根据礼来公司百忧解的使用说明书[10][11],服用氟西汀的常见不良反应有:全身或局部过敏,胃肠道功能紊乱(如恶心呕吐、消化不良、腹泻、吞咽困难等),心跳加速,厌食,头晕头痛,睡眠异常,疲乏,精神状态异常,性功能障碍,视觉异常,呼吸困难等等。 对于正在使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)等药物者,应禁用氟西汀。对于肝功能不全者,氟西汀和其代谢物去甲氟西汀的生物半衰期分别增至7天和14天,因此应考虑减少用药剂量或降低用药频率。

此外,亦有报导称服用氟西汀可能增强暴力倾向[53]

性功能障碍

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性功能障碍是使用氟西汀及其他SSRIs类药物治疗时常见的不良反应,包括性欲降低、勃起功能障碍、阴道分泌物不足以及无法达到性高潮。尽管早期临床试验认为这些问题的发生率不高,但近期的研究若主动询问患者性方面的困扰,则发现其发生率可能超过70%[54]

药物戒断反应

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由于氟西汀的生物半衰期较长,相较于帕罗西汀等半衰期较短的抗忧郁药物,患者在停用氟西汀后较不容易出现抗忧郁药物停用症候群[55][56] 。对于半衰期较短的药物,通常会建议逐步减少剂量,但对氟西汀则不需进行剂量递减[57]。此外,氟西汀有时也被推荐用于治疗抗忧郁药物停用症候群[58]

怀孕

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研究显示,个体于怀孕期间暴露于抗忧郁药物(包括氟西汀)与以下风险增加有关:平均孕期缩短约3天、早产风险增加55%、新生儿出生体重降低约75克,以及阿普伽新生儿评分略微降低(不到0.4分)[59][60]。此外,母亲在怀孕期间服用氟西汀后所产的婴儿,其罹患先天性心脏病的风险增加30–36%[61][62],特别是在怀孕初期使用时,婴儿罹患室间隔缺损的风险会更高,增加幅度达38–65%[63][61]

自杀

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FDA于2004年10月针对所有抗忧郁药物发布最严重的黑框警告,特别提醒在儿童用药方面的风险[64] In 2006, the FDA included adults aged 25 or younger.[65]。随后在2006年,警告范围扩至25岁以下的年轻成人[66]。根据两组独立FDA专家进行的统计分析,结果显示儿童和青少年使用抗忧郁药物后,出现自杀意念和行为的风险显著增加两倍,此风险在18至24岁的年轻族群也增加1.5倍。值得注意的是在超过24岁的成人,其自杀意念风险略有下降,而65岁及以上的年长族群,风险则呈现显著降低的趋势[67][68][69]。FDA基于24项临床试验的统计证据于2018年2月再次下令更新其警告标示,这些证据显示使用抗忧郁药物导致自杀相关事件的风险,相较于使用安慰剂的组别,从2%上升至4%[70]

于2009年5月发表的一项研究报告,指出相较于心理治疗组(6.3%)和合并治疗组(8.4%),使用氟西汀的患者(14.7%,n=44)发生自杀相关事件的比例更高[71]英国英国药监局(MHRA)的分析也显示,与安慰剂组相比,服用氟西汀的儿童和青少年自杀相关事件的风险增加50%,但此差异未达到统计学上的显著性。而根据MHRA的数据,氟西汀并未影响成人自残的发生率,却在统计学上显著降低成人50%的自杀意念[72][73]

QT间期延长

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氟西汀可能会影响心肌细胞协调收缩所依赖的离子通道电生理活动,特别是参与心脏动作电位复极化的钾离子电流Ito和IKs[74]。在特定条件下,这种影响可能导致心电图上测量的QT间期延长,该指标反映心脏每次跳动后电性恢复所需的时间。若同时服用其他会延长QT间期的药物,或本身即有长QT综合症体质者使用氟西汀,则可能存在发生罕见但危险的心律不整(如尖端扭转型室性心动过速英语Torsades de pointes)的风险[75]。然而,一项于2011 年进行的研究指出,氟西汀实际上并不会显著改变QT间期,对心脏的电生理活动也没有临床上重要的影响[76]

过量用药

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过量服用时,最常见的不良反应包括:[77]

药物交互作用

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禁忌症包括过去两周内[78][79]曾使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs),如苯乙肼英语phenelzine反苯环丙胺,因为可能会导致血清素症候群[80][81]。对氟西汀或制剂中任何其他成分已知过敏者也应避免使用[7]。此外,不建议与双氟苯丁哌啶苯并咪唑酮硫利达嗪英语thioridazine同时使用[7]

正在服用非类固醇抗发炎药(NSAIDs)、抗血小板药英语antiplatelet drug抗凝剂ω-3脂肪酸维生素E和大蒜补充剂的患者,在服用氟西汀或其他SSRIs时必须谨慎,因为前述述药物的血液稀释作用有时可能会受到增强[82][83]

一项于2022年进行的研究,就2000年至2020年间超过200万名在服用SSRIs期间开始使用羟考酮的美国人的健康保险理赔记录,发现服用帕罗西汀或氟西汀的患者,其羟考酮过量用药的风险比使用其他SSRIs的患者高出23%[84][85]

由于氟西汀可能将其他高度蛋白结合的药物从血浆中置换出来,反之亦然,因此也有可能与这些药物发生交互作用,进而导致氟西汀或另一种药物的血清浓度升高[7]

药理及药代

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百忧解20毫克装胶囊

氟西汀是一种选择性血清素(5-羟色胺,5-HT)再吸收抑制剂,通过抑制神经突触细胞对神经递质血清素的再吸收以增加细胞外可以和突触后受体结合的血清素水平。而对其它受体,如α-肾上腺素能、β-肾上腺素能、5-羟色胺能、多巴胺能等,氟西汀则几乎没有结合力。[10]

氟西汀口服后从胃肠道吸收良好,进食不影响其生物利用度。吸收后与血浆蛋白大量结合,分布广泛。服药数周后达到稳态血浆浓度。[10]

氟西汀基本由肝脏代谢,通过去甲基化作用生成活性代谢产物甲基氟西汀(demethyl fluoxetine)。氟西汀的生物半衰期为4-6天,甲基氟西汀则为4-16天。主要经肾脏排泄。由于可分泌至母乳,[10]所以建议向孕妇及哺乳期妇女处方要谨慎。

在多项针对忧郁症患者进行的安慰剂和活性药物对照临床试验中,以汉密顿忧郁量表英语Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAM-D)作为评估工具,已经证实氟西汀对忧郁症的疗效明显优于安慰剂。针对强迫症和神经性厌食症患者的试验也有类似的结论。[10]

已知可能后遗症

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和其他选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制剂一样,氟西汀可能会造成性功能障碍,其机理尚不明确。氟西汀被美国国立卫生研究院环境健康科学研究所下属的人类生殖风险评估中心英语Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction(CERHR)列为生殖毒素。[86]

滥用可能性

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根据医学上对滥用药物的定义,由于氟西汀不会干扰多巴胺的分泌水平,因此FDA不认为氟西汀可被滥用[87]。不过,亦有报告指“不影响多巴胺水平”,只表示有关药物不容易成瘾,但不表示不会令人兴奋[87]。现时氟西汀的安全分量订为约每周300-600毫克。

安全用量

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根据礼来公司对其产品Prozac的详细说明,药厂根据在犬只上的实验结果,建议每日摄取分量不可超过80毫克,否则会引起肝代谢不良[88]。现时在已知的接近200宗服用氟西汀致死的病例,死者均服用了数百毫克(超过20粒)分量的氟西汀[88]

历史

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根据百优解的主要发明者David Wong所述[89],和发现氟西汀有关的工作最早开始于Bryan Molloy和Robert Rathburn于1970年在礼来公司的合作研究。当时医学界已知抗组胺剂苯海拉明有一定的抗忧郁效果,因此他们从与其分子结构类似的3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine开始,合成其数十种衍生变体并在小鼠上测试其生理作用,最后得到一种后来被广泛使用在生化实验中的选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI) - 尼索西汀英语nisoxetine

后来Wong提议对血清素去甲肾上腺素多巴胺的体外再吸收做重新测试,以期能得到一种仅抑制血清素再吸收的衍生变体。1972年5月,Jong-Sir Horng根据这一提议得到氟西汀[90] 。礼来公司据此生产的抗忧郁药百忧解1986年在比利时首先获准上市用于忧郁症的治疗[91],1987年底获得FDA批准进入美国市场[92]

礼来公司对百忧解的专利于2001年8月过期[93],此后市场上开始出现一大批氟西汀的通用名药物药物。

社会与文化

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开立处方趋势

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美国于2010年共开出超过2,440万张氟西汀通用名药物的处方笺[17],使其成为继舍曲林西酞普兰之后,使用量排名第三大的抗忧郁药物[17]

英国于2011年开出600万张氟西汀的处方笺[94]。氟西汀与阿米替林两者在1998年至2017年期间是英格兰年龄在12至17岁青少年最常使用的抗忧郁药物[95]

环境影响

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在水生生态系统中已可检测出氟西汀的存在,尤其是在北美地区[96]。目前有越来越多的研究关注氟西汀(以及其他 SSRIs)暴露对非目标水生生物物种的影响[97][98][99][100]

氟西汀会影响水产养殖的无脊椎动物脊椎动物,并且会抑制土壤微生物,包括显著的抗菌作用[101]

政治

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在1990年美国佛罗里达州州长竞选期间,有消息披露其中一位候选人劳顿·奇尔斯英语Lawton Chiles曾患有忧郁症,且已恢复服用氟西汀,这导致他的政治对手质疑他是否适合担任州长[102]。劳顿·奇尔斯于1991-1998年期间为佛罗里达州州长。

美国飞机驾驶员

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美国联邦航空总署(FAA)在航空医学检查员英语Aviation Medical Examiner授权下,自2010年月起允许氟西汀成为飞行员使用的4种抗忧郁药物之一。其他获准的抗忧郁药物有舍曲林、西酞普兰和艾司西酞普兰[103] 。截至2016年12月2日,这4种药物仍是FAA允许飞行员使用的抗忧郁药物[104]

截至2019年1月,欧洲航空安全总署(EASA)的医疗认证仅允许飞行员使用舍曲林、西酞普兰和艾司西酞普兰三种抗忧郁药物[105][106]

研究

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如前述(环境影响)所提及的抗菌作用,或可用于对抗农作物细菌病害及水产养殖细菌病害中的多重抗药性英语Multiple drug resistance问题[101]。在一种缺乏糖皮质激素受体的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)突变种中,其探索行为有所降低,而氟西汀能使其恢复正常的探索行为[101]。这项发现揭示在这种鱼类中,糖皮质激素、氟西汀与探索行为之间的关联性[107]

此外,氟西汀具有抗线虫的作用[108]。研究人员Choy等人于1999 年发现部分抗线虫效果源于其能干扰特定的跨膜蛋白[108]

兽医用途

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氟西汀常用于治疗犬只的焦虑相关行为和分离焦虑症,尤其是在配合行为矫正疗法时,效果更为显著[109][110]

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