磁共振引导聚焦超声
磁共振引导聚焦超声[1][2](magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound,MRgFUS[3][4])或磁振导航聚焦超声波[5],简称医萨刀[6]、磁波刀[7],是一种非侵入性治疗技术,其结合了高分辨率的磁共振成像和高强度聚焦超声,利用超声束可穿过软组织并聚焦于靶区的特点, 使组织凝固坏死, 并借由磁共振成像实时监控治疗范围及靶区内温度变化, 从而保证治疗效果及安全性。一般具有无须住院、可能仅需少量镇静剂、无离子辐射等优点, 目前已广泛应用于子宫肌瘤/腺肌症、骨肿瘤、前列腺癌、功能性神经疾病、乳腺癌等的临床治疗[8]。
专用于脑部者特称经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波(transcranial MRgFUS,tcMRgFUS[9]),简称神波刀[10],是专用于脑部的高强度聚焦超声系统,作用于脑组织达到特定的应用,并借由磁共振成像进行即时解剖导航及温度监控,其应用根据给予组织的温度高低而分为热疗、热破坏及热消融,在无特别声明的状况下,一般指的是热消融。
经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波是一种神经外科领域新兴的微创手术的方式[11],机器本体结合磁共振成像机[12]与聚焦超声波,借由磁共振成像监控颅内温度[13]使得操作者能安心地使用高强度聚焦超声探头在颅内聚焦音波消融目标组织[14],病患全程清醒且无实体手术切口,仅需在术前在头皮四个点施打局部麻醉药来固定稳定头部的支架,此特性使得神经内科医师可以在手术过程中对病患即时进行相关的理学检查,病患本身也能在手术时马上感受到身体的改变[15]。截至2021年磁波刀主要用于治疗动作障碍类的疾病。
根据聚焦超声基金会2020年的领域发展报告[16],此技术截至该年已通过10个国家以上之卫生机关或区域组织的相关认证法规,可使用于特定适应症,包含澳洲[17]、加拿大[18]、欧盟[19]、日本[20]、台湾[21]、美国[22]、中国[23]等。
原理
[编辑]磁共振成像在经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波手术中为脑部结构与组织作辅助导引,并在音波给予期间应用磁共振温度成像技术(磁共振测温)[24]即时监控手术区域的温度提升。
超声波则在手术中带来能量,达到类似手术刀的功能;透过一千个以上的超声波振元应用相位校正技术[25]让超声波束能在穿透头骨后的巨大衰减中保持有效聚焦,更重要的是焦点保持一定的能量,以进行长累积时间的低温度治疗,摄氏50~54℃[26],或是短累积时间的高温治疗,摄氏55℃以上[27],来达到长期维持的疗效。
音波遭遇密度变化会产生折射、反射,甚至全反射,因此在一般的超声波影像检查时,技术人员会在皮肤表面涂上冰凉的凝胶,缓冲超声波探头至表皮的密度变化,在经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波手术中则利用水作为头部与超声波震源间的密度缓冲物质,并利用电子控制系统的算法进行超声波相位的调控,避免反相位的振幅抵销,也可以小幅度移动焦点,同时系统会监控空蚀现象(Cavitation)[28]的产生,即时调控超声波强度(intensity)避免此现象发生并在颅内发出非预期的冲击波。但在另一类应用中,会降低音波频率(frequency)[29]加上注射超声造影剂来刻意造成空蚀现象的产生,超声波震荡会使微气泡体积随着超声波的疏密变化而改变,体积一旦超过阈值会使微气泡爆破并发射冲击波,短暂的打开血脑屏障让药物得以投送进脑组织[30],此应用的范围为局部组织而非单一靶点,因此不需要精细的磁共振成像辅助导引以及稳定头部的支架,但其使用目的已全然不同,目标为辅助投送药物进入脑部而非烧融组织形成伤口;截至2021年此技术主要应用于癫痫、阿兹海默症、胶质母细胞瘤(脑癌一种)的人体试验中[31]。
临床适应症
[编辑]脑神经手术中,有传统的手术刀,及利用通电探针的射频烧灼术(Radiofrequency Ablation)和使用伽玛射线的加马刀(Gamma Knife),以及应用超声波的经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波进行热消融等许多方式,但临床机转大同小异,不外乎利用细胞凋亡[32]、细胞坏死[33]或是直接切除组织让有问题的细胞无法作用来达到病症的消除或减缓;因此治疗的颅内标的或靶点大多通用,例如控制颤抖的首选靶点为丘脑腹内侧核(Vim)[34]。
截至2021年各国已通过医疗法规核可使用经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波治疗之适应症主要为动作障碍类的疾病,如原发性颤抖症[35]、颤抖型帕金森氏症[36],与帕金森氏症的动作障碍症状缓解[37],其它疾病如癫痫[38]、X染色体性联遗传肌张力不全帕金森氏症症候群[39]尚在临床试验阶段。
部分精神类疾病如强迫症[40]、忧郁症[41]或是神经痛症状如三叉神经痛[42]甚至是脑部肿瘤于2021年仍在临床试验阶段[43]。
医疗保险
[编辑]在美国,截至2021年联邦医疗保险(Medicare)[44]及部分私立保险公司会为使用经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波手术治疗原发性颤抖症的保户进行给付[45],如蓝十字蓝盾协会(Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association) [46]及联合健康保险(Unitedhealthcare)[47]。
日本于2019年6月将此治疗术式纳入日本国民健康保险[48]。
与海扶刀的异同
[编辑]经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波与海扶刀同属高强度聚焦超声[49] 技术应用中的热消融,需提升温度直至组织消融,但经颅磁振导航聚焦超声波有专用的中空半圆形超声波探头让头颅置入,音波为了穿透头骨必须进行相位校正并且增加振元数量以达到能在颅内进行热消融的能量并且使用磁共振成像进行解剖导航;而海扶刀一般应用于体部,常用于摄护腺癌[50]、子宫肌瘤 [51]、乳癌 [52],或骨肉瘤 [53],因为病灶皆不被骨组织覆盖,音波传递过程的衰减在可接受的范围,故普遍利用超声波影像作为导航。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
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