铁路脊柱症候群

铁路脊柱症候群（英语：Railway spine）是十九世纪时用来诊断涉及铁路事故乘客创伤后症状的术语。

首个针对此病症进行全面医学研究的是约翰·埃里克·埃里克森的经典著作《关于铁路及其他神经系统损伤》（On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System）。^[1] 因此，铁路脊柱症候群通常亦称为埃里克森氏病（Erichsen's disease）。

在十九世纪初，火车相撞意外频繁发生。当时的火车车厢结构脆弱，多为木制，对乘客缺乏保护，令问题更为严重。

不久后，开始有一群人声称他们在火车意外中受伤，但身上却没有明显的受伤证据。铁路公司拒绝了这些索偿，认为是伪造的，有时甚至将伤者的痛苦贬低为诉讼神经症（litigation neurosis），暗示伤者唯一真正的问题是提出法律索偿。^[2]

关于“铁路脊柱症候群”引发的症状性质，在十九世纪末引起了激烈争论，尤其是在1886年维也纳（奥地利）帝国医师学会的会议上。德国顶尖的神经学家赫尔曼·奥本海姆主张，所有铁路脊柱症候群的症状都是由脊柱或大脑的物理损伤引起；而法国和英国的学者，特别是尚-马丹·沙尔科和赫伯特·佩奇，则坚持认为部分症状可能是由歇斯底里症（现称为转化症）引起。^[3]^[4]^[5]

埃里克森观察到，在火车意外中最容易受伤的是那些背对加速度方向坐着的人。这与挥鞭式创伤的受伤机制相同。现已知如同汽车意外一样，铁路和飞机意外除了造成身体创伤外，也可能引发创伤后压力症候群（PTSD）及其他身心症状。^[6]

参见

注释

^ Erichsen, JE. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: Henry C. Lea. 1867. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System.
^ Szalavitz, Maia. Opinion | We're Thinking About Pain All Wrong. The New York Times. 2023-12-24 [2023-12-26]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.
^ Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books. 1970: 437–39. ISBN 0-465-01673-1.
^ Harrington, Ralph. The railway accident: Trains, trauma and technological crisis in nineteenth-century Britain. Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History. 2003 [2008-08-27].
^ Page, Herbert. Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Column Without Apparent Mechanical Lesion. London: J. A. Churchill. 1885: 25, 62, 69, and 162. page Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Cord Without Apparent Mechanical Lesion.
^ Scaer, Robert. The Body Bears the Burden: Trauma, Dissociation, and Disease, Second Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press. 2007: 23–55. ISBN 978-0-7890-3335-2.

[1] Erichsen, JE. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: Henry C. Lea. 1867. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System.

[2] Szalavitz, Maia. Opinion | We're Thinking About Pain All Wrong. The New York Times. 2023-12-24 [2023-12-26]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.

[3] Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books. 1970: 437–39. ISBN 0-465-01673-1.

[4] Harrington, Ralph. The railway accident: Trains, trauma and technological crisis in nineteenth-century Britain. Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History. 2003 [2008-08-27].

[5] Page, Herbert. Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Column Without Apparent Mechanical Lesion. London: J. A. Churchill. 1885: 25, 62, 69, and 162. page Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Cord Without Apparent Mechanical Lesion.

[6] Scaer, Robert. The Body Bears the Burden: Trauma, Dissociation, and Disease, Second Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press. 2007: 23–55. ISBN 978-0-7890-3335-2.

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