黑民 (突厥)

黑民^[1]（Qara bodun，古突厥语：𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣^[2]）是突厥汗国对平民的称呼。

“bodun”一词意为“人民”。该词通常出现在部落联盟名称之后，也见于“贝格与部众”（begler bodun）这一表述中，意为“贵族与平民”^[3]。“Qara”（喀喇）一词，原意是黑色，用于指代较低等级或臣属的社会阶层。在8世纪的突厥文和回鹘文碑铭中，非贵族的普通民众被称为黑民（“Qara bodun”）^[4]。

参考文献

^ 薛宗正，《突厥史》，中国社会科学出版社 1992年，第24页。
^ Joanna Bialek. A Corpus Based Approach. Compounds and Compounding in Old Tibetan 1: 446. 2018.
^ Istvan Zimonyi. Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450. 2015: 132.
^ Peter B. Golden. Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. 2003: 106.

[1] 薛宗正，《突厥史》，中国社会科学出版社 1992年，第24页。

[2] Joanna Bialek. A Corpus Based Approach. Compounds and Compounding in Old Tibetan 1: 446. 2018.

[3] Istvan Zimonyi. Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450. 2015: 132.

[4] Peter B. Golden. Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. 2003: 106.

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