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Yangguan Forest Farm Disturbance

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On January 20, 2021, the Economic Information Daily, a subsidiary of China’s Xinhua News Agency, reported on the destruction of the Yangguan Forest Farm shelterbelt. Yangguan Forest Farm is located in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, and is part of the Three North Shelterbelt Project. In addition, netizens have paid more attention to tree planting and sand control in recent years, so this report has caused heated discussion. Prior to this, since 2001, Chinese official media have reported on the destruction of the forest farm. The Central Environmental Protection Inspection Team has also received complaints about the forest farm, and environmental protection organizations have filed lawsuits against the situation, but none of them have been able to resolve the problem. After the report was released, the Gansu Provincial People’s Government established an investigation team on January 20 and announced the results of the investigation on the 26th, stating that there were only a few illegal logging behaviors.[1] However, one day later, the Economic Information Daily published another article, announcing three relevant documents, questioning the credibility of the forest farm and Gansu Province. On the 28th, the Central Ecological and Environmental Protection Inspection Office rushed to Dunhuang for an on-site investigation.[2]On March 19, a joint investigation team composed of central government ministries and commissions released its final report, which concluded that the forest farm did have management problems. It also overturned the data in the document previously published by Jing Daily.[3]

Background

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Grape Industry In Dunhuang

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参见：YangGuan Grape

The history of grape production and transportation in Dunhuang can be traced back to the Western Regions opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. Grapes were then gradually introduced to the Central Plains through Dunhuang. There are records of large-scale cultivation in the area during the Northern Wei Dynasty[4]. In 1998, Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd. was established[5]. From September 6 to September 8, 2008, the local government of Dunhuang held the "First China Dunhuang Grape Culture Festival" to develop its industry through the grape festival. At the same time, Dunhuang proposed to build a northwest grape production base and registered the "Yangguan Brand" and "Dunhuang Brand" grape brands. Its seedless white grapes审判 and red globe grapes were rated as "Chinese Famous Fruits" by the Grape Branch of the Chinese Society of Agronomy[6]. In 2009, the total grape planting area in Dunhuang was 0.438 million hm², of which the total area of ​​seedless white and red globe grapes reached 0.425 million hm², the total grape output was 67.03 million kg, and the total output value was 151.86 million yuan. In 2010, the city's total grape planting area was 5,400 hm², with a total output of 70.89 million kg[6].

In 2020, the Dunhuang Municipal People's Government began to increase publicity for the local grape industry. The Weibo account @DunHuangFaBu posted a total of 20 Dunhuang grape-related push notifications in 2020. [7][8][9]

Previous Reports

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In 2001, People’s Daily Online reprinted an article titled “Thousands of acres of shelterbelts in Dunhuang felled”, claiming that more than 3,000 windbreak trees were felled without a logging permit, and the vacant land was turned into a vineyard.[10]In 2006, China Economic Times published an article titled “Dunhuang, don’t repeat the tragedy of Loulan”; in 2011, Gansu Forestry magazine published an article titled “Desert turns into oasis – a record of Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm’s efforts to prevent sand from moving eastward”; in March 2017, in response to some media reports, the Jiuquan Forestry Bureau issued a “Report on the investigation of the media’s reports on the destruction of forests and land reclamation within the scope of Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm”.[11]

Previous Complaints

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From 2016 to 2017, the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Group received ten complaints about Yangguan Forest Farm.

serial number Reason for complaint Investigation
2016-4[seven 1] Yangguan Forest Farm destroyed forests to create 3,800 acres of land After on-site investigation and review of materials, the area of ​​forest land and economic forest has not changed, and the situation complained about does not exist.
2016-13[seven 2] 1. Some leaders of the Dunhuang Forestry Bureau, the state-owned forest farm, and the Yangguan Town Water Management Office blatantly violated the "three prohibition policies" of Jiuquan City and Dunhuang City[注 1]，
, cut down 3,800 acres of forest land in the Dunhuang Forest Farm shelterbelt to plant grapes, destroyed the Dunhuang "Desert Dujiangyan" project, and caused serious deterioration of the surrounding ecological environment.

2. The operator of the Yangguan shelterbelt, Dunhuang Feitian Ecological Industry Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Feitian Company), reported the above problems to the relevant departments of the local government many times, but was retaliated more than 10 times, causing the company to stop production and hundreds of employees to lose their jobs.

The reported issue is not true.
2016-14[seven 3] Since 2006, the legal representative of Feitian Ecological Technology Park reported the water resource damage in Xitougou Forest Farm to the provincial party committee and government, but it was not taken seriously. The reported issue is not true.
2016-24[seven 4] 1. A person surnamed He from the Feitian Ecological Technology Ecological Park in Dunhuang City destroyed the irrigation water source of the Yangguan Forest Farm, Longle Village, Erdun Village, and Yangguan Village vineyards in Yangguan Town, resulting in the death of more than 1,000 acres of forest land in Henan Province of Yangguan Forest Farm, causing serious ecological damage.

2. A local government leader shielded and embezzled state funds.

1. The irrigation water source has not been damaged;

2. Feitian Company has not yet implemented reforestation and has not come up with a relevant plan;

3. No phenomenon of embezzling state funds has been found;

4. As the case lasted for a long time and the situation is complicated, further verification and evidence collection is needed;

2016-28[seven 5] Since 2014, villagers in the forest farm have cut down trees in the forest farm and converted it into arable land. The trees felled by the forest farm are mainly defective forests and forest belt reconstruction, and the felling permit procedures have been handled in accordance with the law. Therefore, the complaint does not match the facts.
2016-34[seven 6] 1. Some leaders of Dunhuang Forestry Bureau, State-owned Forest Farm, and Yangguan Town Water Management Office blatantly violated the "three prohibition policies" and cut down 3,800 mu of forest land in the forest farm's protective forest to plant grapes, causing serious deterioration of the surrounding ecological environment.

2. The main leaders of the Forestry Bureau deceived the superior investigation team and said that the destroyed protective forest was transformed from defective forest;

3. Feitian Company, the operator of Yangguan protective forest, reported the above problems to the relevant departments of the local government many times but was retaliated more than 10 times;

4. The whistleblower reported the problem to the central environmental protection inspection team but was threatened.

The complaint is inconsistent with the facts.
2016-43[seven 7] The actual area of ​​the forest farm is 8,000 mu, and the area of ​​deforestation and land reclamation is 5,000 mu, which is inconsistent with the results announced by the local government in the media. After on-site inspection and comparison of satellite images, the investigation team believed that the complaints did not match the actual situation.
2016-45[seven 8] The 3,283 mu of cultivated land in Yangguan reported by Dunhuang City is seriously inconsistent with the facts. In 2013 alone, the Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm had more than 5,000 mu. After nearly three years of deforestation and land reclamation, the agricultural land is estimated to have increased to 8,000 mu. On December 16, 2016, after on-site investigation and comparison of satellite images, no deforestation or land reclamation was found within the management area of ​​Yangguan Forest Farm, except for the 567 mu of defective forest transformed by the Yangguan Desert Forest Park approved for construction by Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd.
2016-66[seven 9] Problem:

1. A staff member surnamed He from Dunhuang Feitian Science and Technology Park privately changed the flood discharge channel in the name of windbreak and sand control and tourism development, and led the flood into the desert, causing a large number of river channels in Xitugou to be buried by wind and sand, and a large area of ​​natural forest belts and artificial windbreak belts in the downstream to die, and a large reduction in the yield of crops such as grapes.

2. The Feitian Science and Technology Park project did not consider the survival of the surrounding people, damaged the ecological environment, did not seek the opinions of the people in the project construction, and the project approval procedures were not publicized to the society.

3. Feitian Science and Technology Park falsely reported its achievements in sand control. There is no Feitian Company planting thousands of acres of protective forests as reported by the media.

The whistleblower requested:

1. Immediately stop Feitian Science and Technology Park's behavior of destroying the ecology and water sources, and stop the construction of the project;

2. Remove the built dams, clean up the sand in the river channel, and restore the original river and surrounding ecological environment;

3. Severely investigate and punish illegal acts in the approval and construction process of Feitian Science and Technology Park projects;

4. Compensate farmers for their economic losses.

1. Dunhuang City has ordered the Dunhuang Feitian Ecological Industry Company to stop construction of the project and hired a high-level third-party environmental assessment professional organization to conduct on-site monitoring and assessment;

2. The Dunhuang Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection held work interviews with several relevant persons in charge[注 2].

2016-89[seven 10] After the whistleblower called the inspection team to report the problem of deforestation, the Jiuquan City Environmental Protection Department not only did not investigate and punish the offending entity, but instead conducted an on-site inspection of the victim, the Dunhuang Feitian Ecological Industrial Park, and pointed out many unfounded problems. The complaint is inconsistent with the facts.

Green Hair Association's lawsuit

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In 2019, the China Green Development Foundation sued Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm and Dunhuang Winery Company in the People’s Court of Gansu Mining District.[12]The Mining District Court requested mediation of the conflict between the two parties, but the China Green Development Foundation believed that mediation would not lead to ecological restoration.[11]

Timeline

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Date Progress
January 20 The Economic Information Daily published an article titled “Ten Thousand Mu of Desert Shelter Forest Destroyed; Dunhuang’s Last Sand Prevention Barrier Almost Lost”[13]
The Gansu Provincial People’s Government announced that a special working group had been set up in Dunhuang City.[14]
Gansu Province set up an investigation team led by Vice Governor Liu Changgen, who rushed to Yangguan Forest Farm that afternoon.[15]
January 21 The Central Ecological and Environmental Protection Supervision Office sent personnel to Dunhuang to conduct an investigation.[11]
January 26 The Gansu Provincial People's Government held a press conference to announce the investigation team's findings
January 27 Xinhua News Agency published another article, disclosing relevant documents[16]
January 28 The Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that the Central Environmental Supervision Office’s investigation has basically concluded.[11]
March 19 The joint investigation team released its findings.[3]

First Report

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On January 20, 2021, the Economic Information Daily, a subsidiary of Xinhua News Agency, published an article titled "Ten Thousand Mu of Desert Shelterbelt Destroyed, Dunhuang's Last Sand Prevention Barrier Almost Lost", which attracted widespread attention and heated discussions. The report stated that the Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm, as part of the Three North Shelterbelt Project, had suffered a large-scale "shaved head"-style logging, and the "more than ten thousand mu" of shelterbelt forest was "very little left" due to logging, resulting in the emergence of "a passage about 5 kilometers wide" that allowed the sand and dust from the Kumtag Desert to reach Dunhuang directly[13]. According to the on-site visit of the Economic Information Daily reporter, the vacated land was converted into vineyards, "and there is even a trend of replacing it all", and the cultivation of grapes requires a lot of irrigation and soil similar to that of the desert, which will cause the Yangguan Forest Farm to "be buried by the desert", exacerbating the risk of desertification[13]. In addition, the Economic Information Daily reporter also found that although the Yangguan Forest Farm has large areas of national and local public welfare forests, the relevant signs have been "smashed and destroyed one after another", as if "deliberately making people forget" the nature of the public welfare forests[13]. The reporter from Jing Daily also revealed that the forest farm itself and the local government were covering up the problem of the large-scale felling of trees; the vast majority of the felled trees were "well-preserved and growing healthily", and some of the felled populus euphraticas were "stripped of their bark" or even "burned to a crisp" to create the illusion of natural death. The Dunhuang Forestry Bureau and the forest farm itself insisted that "there was no problem of indiscriminate felling" and that the so-called felling was "implementing the transformation of defective forests"[13].

Event Development

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As of January 25, the total number of relevant information on this public opinion storm reached 678,900 pieces, with the peak amount of information reaching 415,800 pieces on January 23.[17]

On January 21, People's Daily Online published a commentary titled "Ten Thousand Acres of Desert Shelter Forest Destroyed, a Thorough Investigation is Necessary!" The article stated that Yangguan Forest Farm is an important ecological barrier, and that the Gansu Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government have set up an investigation team to rush to Dunhuang. The article also mentioned that Yangguan Forest Farm had received media attention as early as 2017, and that it was now receiving media attention again, which required an in-depth investigation by the relevant departments.[18]

On January 23, the People’s Daily published a comment on Weibo, saying “If you want to defend Dunhuang, you must first defend Yangguan”[19]. This Weibo post immediately triggered a resonance among netizens. As of January 30, this Weibo post had been forwarded 49,317 times[19]. Most of the forwarding and comments expressed anger and sadness, and there were calls for “severe punishment” and “getting to the bottom of the matter”[17]. This Weibo post caused a “small peak” in public opinion on January 24, with 127,500 related information being generated that day[17].

The proportion of sensitive information on the entire network reached 94.99% on the day the article was published in the Jing Daily, reaching 83.31% on the 21st, 61.04% on the 22nd, 73.38% on the 23rd, 70.98% on the 24th, and 63.39% on the 25th. After Gansu Province issued an official notice on the 26th, the proportion of sensitive information dropped to 48.24%, and continued to drop to 45.76% on the 27th. [17]

Gansu Province Investigation Report

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外部图片链接
图片 Satellite image provided by the Dunhuang Municipal Government to Legal Daily reporters
图片 The current land type distribution map of Yangguan Forest Farm in Dunhuang City in 2009. 中华人民共和国生态环境部卫星中心. 
Current land type distribution map of Yangguan Forest Farm in Dunhuang City in 2020. 中华人民共和国生态环境部卫星中心. 

On January 20, Gansu Province set up an investigation team led by Vice Governor Liu Changgen, who rushed to Yangguan Forest Farm that afternoon.[15]

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On the morning of January 26, 2021, the investigation team held a press conference on the investigation, stating that after comparing and analyzing satellite remote sensing data from previous years and reviewing the national land survey data from 1999, 2009 and 2019, no large-scale reduction in forest land was found since 2000.

On January 26, 2021, the official release of the "Yangguan deforestation incident" stated that the forest farm management was indeed extensive, and the two oases in Dunhuang were not threatened.

Satellite remote sensing data from 2018 to 2019 showed that there were three suspected forest destruction spots with an area of ​​approximately 42.98 mu within the forest farm. After on-site verification by the investigation team, it was found that this was mainly caused by the infrastructure renovation of the Yangguan Forest Farm, the construction of new gravel roads and U-shaped irrigation canals, and the laying of pipeline irrigation lines. No trees were cut down to open up vineyards.[1]

Regarding the vineyard issue, the investigation team cited remote sensing satellite data, saying that the area of ​​vineyards only increased by 400 mu in 2012 through the transformation of defective forests, and has not changed since then. The investigation team cited national land survey data from 1999, 2009, and 2019, and believed that it was corroborated by remote sensing satellite data[20].

As for the changes in the public welfare forest, the investigation team stated that the 5,500 mu of forest in the forest farm was converted into local public welfare forest in 2013 in accordance with the standards of the "Gansu Province Forest Land Demarcation Implementation Rules" (2012) because the trees were over 50 years old and seriously aged. They no longer enjoyed subsidies for national public welfare forests. [20]From 2012 to 2020, Yangguan Forest Farm carried out forest renewal and transformation work year by year in accordance with the "Forestry Law" and other laws and regulations and the national "Technical Regulations for the Transformation of Low-efficiency Forests" and other technical standards. During this period, Yangguan Forest Farm applied for 29 tree felling licenses from the former Dunhuang Forestry Bureau and felled 8,827 trees, equivalent to an area of ​​105 mu.[21]

In response to some media reports that Dunhuang was once again threatened by sandstorms, the investigation team cited remote sensing satellite data and stated that the area and vegetation of the Yangguan Oasis had not changed significantly since 2009.[20]

On the other hand, the investigation team stated that there were problems with the management of Yangguan Forest Farm, such as insufficient standardization of tree cultivation, inadequate management of tree renewal and felling, insufficient conservation and utilization of water resources, illegal leasing and poor coordination. The investigation team cited an example in which some workers violated regulations and sawed off more than 10 roadside trees (with a standing stock of about 3 cubic meters) that were not completely dead from the bottom, with obvious traces of living wood on the sawn surface.[22]In addition, the investigation team also found two burnt tree trunks, which have been investigated by Dunhuang City[21].

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The investigation team also mentioned that the “self-development interests” of Dunhuang Feitian Company conflicted with the “interests of the masses” and “ecological protection requirements”; even though the provincial and municipal working groups had repeatedly guided the rectification of problems and the resolution of conflicts, Feitian Company did not make adequate rectifications and did not completely resolve the conflicts.[1]

The investigation team revealed that in order to develop the fish farming industry, Feitian Company implemented flood control dams, Moon Lake, Jiulian Lake and thirteen flood control dams in Xitugou upstream of Yangguan Forest Farm, intercepting and diverting the Xitugou River, causing the overflow springs in the lower reaches of the river to be blocked by wind and sand, affecting the water use of Yangguan Forest Farm. The investigation team pointed out that some of the projects implemented by Feitian Company are located within the Yangguan Nature Reserve and the site of the Yangguan ruins, violating regulations related to the management of nature reserves and cultural relic protection. These constitute illegal and non-compliant construction activities.These problems were reflected in the feedback opinions of the “Central Ecological and Environmental Protection Supervision” led by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the “Economic Responsibility Audit of the Main Leaders of the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government” and “Natural Resource Assets Exit (Interim) Audit” conducted by the National Audit Office. During the first round of central environmental inspections in 2016 and the second round of central ecological and environmental inspections in 2019 in Gansu Province, the inspection team received many reports about Feitian Company, and the inspection team also forwarded the reports to local authorities for investigation and handling. [22]However, these issues have never been followed up.[11]

In addition, an official from the Dunhuang Municipal Government revealed to a reporter from the Legal Daily that the report that caused a public outcry was the result of Feitian Company's behind-the-scenes operation, with the purpose of putting pressure on the government in order to obtain higher compensation.[22]

The Storm Is Coming Again

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Xinhua News Agency Reported Again

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On January 27, Xinhua News Agency reprinted an article from the Economic Information Daily titled “The Dunhuang Forest Destruction Case: 13,300 mu or 6,000 mu? Pictures show the truth.” In this report, the Economic Information Daily showed the feasibility report of the forest farm’s application for the development of vineyards in 1997, the plan for restructuring in 2004, and the 2016 statement in response to the Central Environmental Protection Inspection Team (citing the 2004 plan)[23]. The areas of the shelterbelt in these three documents were 14,000 mu, 13,300 mu, and 13,300 mu, respectively, implying that the forest farm and Gansu Province provided false information[16]. At this point, the controversy had become a “Rashomon” situation[11].

Arousing Heated Discussion

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The second report of Jing Daily triggered a resurgence of public opinion. Many netizens believed that one party must be lying and was about to be "slapped in the face". Some people believed that the definitions of concepts such as "protective forest" and "ecological forest" have never been clear. Others believed that it is possible that the forest farm falsely reported the area of ​​protective forest to defraud subsidies (for public welfare forests). It is also possible that local land management is chaotic and there is a lack of coordination between departments[11].In addition, because the forest was changed to a vineyard in the report, and grapes are not included in the "Main Suitable Tree Species List of Windbreak and Sand Fixation Forests" in the "Technical Regulations for the Construction of Ecological Public Welfare Forests", some netizens began to discuss "whether Dunhuang is suitable for growing grapes", and some even proposed to "boycott Gansu grapes"[11].

On January 29, the People's Daily Public Opinion Channel published a commentary titled "To get out of the Rashomon of Dunhuang Deforestation Incident, we must see two key issues", arguing that this incident is no longer just a question of whether the forest was destroyed, but also involves the local long-term ecological environment governance work, local land management, environmental public interest litigation, external supervision and other aspects[11].

Central Government Investigation

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On January 28, led by Vice Minister of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment Zhai Qing, the Central Ecological and Environmental Protection Supervision Office rushed to Dunhuang for an on-site investigation[2]. On March 19, an investigation team composed of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the National Forestry and Grassland Administration announced the results of the investigation; this investigation determined that the ownership scope of Yangguan Forest Farm was only 11,600 mu in the southwest area, overturning previous data and confirming that compared with 1990, the southwest area had a decrease of 3,850.59 mu of tree forest land, an increase of 518.93 mu of shrub forest land, and an increase of 3,547.5 mu of vineyards and other gardens in the past 30 years. It also found that the forest farm had the following problems:[3]

  • There are problems such as deforestation for land reclamation and unlicensed logging;
    • From 2004 to 2012, the Dunhuang Municipal Government and Forestry Bureau approved the Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd.”) to build a desert forest park, plant jujube trees, and grape variety gardens in Yangguan Forest Farm in violation of regulations. [注 3]From 2013 to 2014, Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd. destroyed forests and reclaimed 567 mu of land for planting grapes and jujube trees, including 400 mu of vineyards and 167 mu of jujube gardens.
    • Since 2013, the Yangguan Forest Farm has built new gravel roads and other facilities, illegally occupying 99.85 acres of forest land.[注 4]
    • After on-site inspection, it was found that 7 roadside shelterbelts were cut down without a license, and the replenishment and renewal were not timely, resulting in sparse trees and gaps. Since 2010, villagers have been investigated for cutting down and damaging 604 trees.
  • The quality of the shelterbelt has declined; nearly 600 mu of poplar forest near the south of the forest farm has been damaged due to water shortage, of which about 200 mu have died due to water shortage;
  • The transfer of national public welfare forests was not standardized; from 2012 to 2013, the forestry authorities at all levels, including the Dunhuang Forestry Bureau, failed to strictly review and approve, and all 5,500 mu of national public welfare forests in the forest farm were transferred to local public welfare forests.
  • Illegally misappropriating the national forest ecological benefit compensation funds; from 2013 to 2018, after the forest farm no longer had any national public welfare forests, the Dunhuang Forestry Bureau and the Finance Bureau illegally transferred 260,000 yuan of national forest ecological benefit compensation funds to the Yangguan Forest Farm for use;
  • The contracting of forest land to enterprises was approved in violation of regulations; from 2007 to 2011, the forest farm contracted 5,000 acres of land to three companies. However, these three companies did not strictly perform the contract. Therefore, from 2014 to 2017, Dunhuang City successively terminated the contracts with the three companies and recovered 4,433 acres of forest land. However, the right to use 567 acres of forest land was not recovered until February 22, 2021, after this investigation.

Follow-up

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On March 17, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration launched a nationwide special campaign to combat deforestation, which was carried out intensively from March to December[24].

The Gansu Provincial State-owned Forest Farm Reform Leading Group Office subsequently issued a "Notice on Carrying out the Work of Investigating and Rectifying State-owned Forest Farms", requiring lessons to be learned from the incident and promoting the rectification of forest farms across the province. On April 9, the work began in Zhangye City.[25]

Notes

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  1. ^ It is forbidden to open up wasteland, immigrate to the forest farm, or dig wells within the forest farm.
  2. ^ Including the party secretary of Yangguan Town, Dunhuang City, the director of the Land and Resources Bureau, the secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the Forestry Bureau, the director of the Water Affairs Bureau, the director of the Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau, the deputy director of the Environmental Protection Bureau, and the deputy director of the Cultural Relics Bureau.
  3. ^ "Reply on the Issues Concerning the Investment and Construction of Dunhuang Yangguan Desert Forest Park by Gansu Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd." (Dunzhengbanfa [2014] No. 50)
  4. ^ This behavior does not comply with the provisions of the 2009 version of the Forest Law, but complies with the provisions of the current Forest Law.

Reference

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 甘肃通报敦煌阳关林场防护林被毁调查情况 [Gansu reports on investigation into destruction of protective forests at Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm]. 人民日报. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中央生态环保督察赴敦煌调查毁林事件 [Central Ecological and Environmental Protection Inspectors Visit Dunhuang to Investigate Deforestation]. 法制日报. 2021-01-28 [2021-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 有关方面公布关于甘肃省敦煌阳关林场防护林被毁有关问题的调查情况 [Relevant parties announced the results of the investigation into the destruction of protective forests at Yangguan Forest Farm in Dunhuang, Gansu Province]. 新华社. 2021-03-19 [2021-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20）. 
  4. ^ 陈宗立着. Twenty Years of Interviewing Longyuan: Chen Zongli's News Works. 兰州：甘肃文化出版社. 2014.09: 313. ISBN 978-7-5490-0739-4. 
  5. ^ 唐文龙著. Competitive Strategy of China's Wine Industry. 北京：新华出版社. 2017.12: 210. ISBN 978-7-5166-3592-6. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 全亚明，贺生兵主编. Evaluation of cultivated land quality in Dunhuang City. 兰州：甘肃科学技术出版社. 2016.12. ISBN 978-7-5424-2368-9. 
  7. ^ 敦煌市2个村入列国家森林乡村名单 [Two villages in Dunhuang City are included in the list of national forest villages]. 敦煌市人民政府. 2020-02-29 [2021-02-01]. 敦煌：农户万斤葡萄滞销 “微商”出手5天售罄 [Dunhuang: Farmers' 10,000 kg of grapes were unsaleable, but "WeChat merchants" sold them out in 5 days]. 敦煌市人民政府. 2020-03-12 [2021-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-26）. 敦煌市阳关镇：为葡萄备足“绿色营养餐” [Yangguan Town, Dunhuang City: Prepare "Green Nutritious Meals" for Grapes]. 敦煌市人民政府. 2020-03-18 [2021-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-26）. 敦煌市阳关镇万亩葡萄出土上架 [Thousands of acres of grapes unearthed in Yangguan Town, Dunhuang City, are now on the shelves]. 敦煌市人民政府. 2020-04-06 [2021-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-26）. 
  8. ^ 敦煌古阳关下的葡萄熟了 [The grapes are ripe under the ancient Yangguan Pass in Dunhuang]. 中国甘肃网. 2020-09-09 [2021-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-05）. On September 8, Yangguan Town, Dunhuang City, held the first Grape Culture and Art Festival and the opening ceremony, the grape standardized production and planting champion evaluation, the grape sales contract, the grape tasting, the grape culture theme propaganda and many other activities. Six units and cooperatives signed a grape sales order of 2,600 tons with the terminal market on the spot, and signed a grape direct sales point. Yangguan Town is located in the heart of the desert, where there is sufficient sunlight, a large temperature difference between day and night, and sandy soil, which is very suitable for the growth of seedless white grapes. At the same time, the high-quality spring water from Wuwachi, Yemawan and other places flows all year round, providing abundant water sources for the growth of grapes. The unique geographical location and superior climatic conditions have created the excellent quality of Yangguan grapes with bright yellow color, sweet and sour taste, and full grains. At present, the grape planting area in Yangguan Town has reached 20,000 mu, and the "Yangguan" brand grapes produced by standardized planting technology and pure Qilian Mountain snow water irrigation have obtained the "green food" certification and enjoy the reputation of "Chinese famous fruit". Yangguan Town has been named "Ten Thousand Mu High-quality Grape Production Base" by the Chinese Society of Agronomy. ...Dunhuang is located at 40 degrees north latitude, the internationally recognized golden belt for grape cultivation. It is one of the four most suitable regions for growing grapes in the country and one of only 20 famous grape cities in the country. 
  9. ^ 金秋瓜果香 敦煌葡萄甜 [The golden autumn fruits are fragrant and the Dunhuang grapes are sweet]. 酒泉日报. 2019-09-12 [2021-02-01]. It is understood that Dunhuang is a fresh grape production base dominated by Red Globe grapes in Northwest my country, and is also one of the 20 famous grape cities in China. In recent years, Dunhuang has identified the grape-dominated high-quality forestry and fruit industry as a driving industry to drive farmers to get rich, increase agricultural efficiency, and promote rural development. It has taken standardized production as an important means to promote the healthy and rapid development of the grape industry. Through food support policies, tilting agricultural funds, establishing seedling bases, inviting experts and scholars from domestic universities and research institutes to provide guidance and help, etc., it has vigorously promoted the grape industry. ... At present, the grape planting area in Dunhuang, mainly Red Globe and Seedless White, has reached 102,000 mu, with an output of 160,000 tons and a development output value of 1 billion yuan. In addition, Dunhuang ... has built 210 leisure and sightseeing farms and farmhouses mainly for grape and fruit picking in the vicinity of the park, along the tourist route and in the agricultural demonstration park. 
  10. ^ 敦煌千亩防护林遭斧斫 [Thousands of acres of protective forest in Dunhuang were chopped down]. 西部商报. 2002-01-10. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 走出敦煌毁林事件罗生门 要看到两个关键问题 [To get out of the Rashomon of Dunhuang deforestation incident, we need to see two key issues]. 人民网舆情频道. 2021-01-29 [2021-01-30]. 
  12. ^ 中国生物多样性保护与绿色发展基金会诉国营敦煌阳关林场、敦煌市葡萄酒业有限责任公司侵权责任纠纷一案 [China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation v. Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm and Dunhuang Wine Industry Co., Ltd., a case concerning infringement liability]. 中国庭审公开网. 2020-12-16 [2021-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-27）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 万亩沙漠防护林被毁 敦煌防沙最后屏障几近失守 [Ten thousand mu of desert shelterbelt destroyed, Dunhuang's last barrier against sand is almost lost]. 经济参考报. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-28]. 
  14. ^ 甘肃发布的微博 [Gansu's Weibo]. 甘肃省人民政府. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-30]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 甘肃成立调查组赴现场调查媒体报道的敦煌万亩沙漠防护林被毁问题 [Gansu sets up an investigation team to investigate the destruction of 10,000 mu of desert shelterbelt in Dunhuang reported by the media]. 甘肃省人民政府. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-30]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 “敦煌毁林案”： 13300亩还是6000亩？有图有真相 ["Dunhuang deforestation case": 13,300 acres or 6,000 acres? Pictures reveal the truth]. 新华社. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-29]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 敦煌沙漠防护林被指遭破坏事件网络舆情传播数据分析报告 [Data analysis report on online public opinion communication on the incident of Dunhuang Desert Shelterbelt being allegedly destroyed]. 新浪. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. 
  18. ^ 人民网评：万亩沙漠防护林被毁，必须一查到底！ [People's Daily comment: Ten thousand acres of desert protection forest have been destroyed, and this must be investigated thoroughly!]. 人民网. 2021-01-21 [2021-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-23）. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 人民日报的微博 [People's Daily Weibo]. 人民日报. 2021-01-23 [2021-01-30]. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 阳关林场防护林被毁问题调查情况通报发布 [Report on the investigation of the destruction of Yangguan Forest Farm's shelterbelts released]. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 敦煌市阳关林场防护林被毁问题调查情况新闻发布会实录 [Transcript of the press conference on the investigation of the destruction of protective forests in Yangguan Forest Farm, Dunhuang City]. 2021-01-26 [2021-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 揭开“敦煌万亩防护林遭剃光式砍伐”真相 [Uncovering the truth about the "Ten Thousand Mu of Protective Forest in Dunhuang Being Cut Down"]. 法治日报. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. 
  23. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-43号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-43)]. 酒泉市人民政府. 2016-12-26 [2021-01-28]. 
  24. ^ 专项行动启动！我国将全面清查毁林开垦等问题 [Special action launched! my country will conduct a comprehensive investigation on deforestation and reclamation issues]. 新华社. 2021-03-17 [2021-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-17）. 
  25. ^ 汲取敦煌阳关林场毁林教训，甘肃张掖开展国有林场清查整治 [Learning from the lesson of deforestation in Dunhuang Yangguan Forest Farm, Zhangye, Gansu Province, launched an inventory and rectification of state-owned forest farms]. 澎湃新闻. 2021-04-15 [2021-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-22）. 
[编辑]
  1. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-4号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-4)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-10 [2021-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）. 
  2. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-13号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-13)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-15 [2021-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）. 
  3. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-14号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-14)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-15 [2021-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-13）. 
  4. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-24号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-24)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-20 [2020-02-02]. [失效链接]
  5. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-28号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-28)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-22 [2020-02-02]. [失效链接]
  6. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-34号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-34)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-22 [2020-02-02]. [失效链接]
  7. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-43号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-43)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-26 [2020-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）. 
  8. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-45号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-45)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2016-12-26 [2021-02-01]. [失效链接]
  9. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-66号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-66)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2017-01-04 [2020-02-02]. [失效链接]
  10. ^ 酒泉市关于中央第七环境保护督察组交办群众信访投诉环境问题查处情况(2016-89号) [Jiuquan City's investigation and handling of environmental issues reported by the public in petitions and complaints assigned by the Central Seventh Environmental Protection Inspection Team (No. 2016-89)]. Jiuquan People's Government. 2017-01-11 [2020-02-02]. [失效链接]
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