用户:JuneAugust/临时文字

T1

相关条目、注释、参考文献、延伸阅读

T2

伊52の派遣の目的は伊30号により持ち帰ったドイツ制工业制品の制造技术の取得のために派遣された。当舰に便乘していたのは主に民间の技术者で ある。ドイツへの技术供与の対価として2トンの金块、および当时のドイツで不足していたスズ・モリブデン・タングステンなど计228トンが积载されてい た。

アメリカ军は访独潜水舰作戦に特别な関心を示し日本とドイツ间で交わされる无线を傍受、その动きを追い続けていた。 イ52は无线交信では“モミ”と呼ばれていた。

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用户:JuneAugust/伊号第五二潜水舰

T3

http://homepage1.nifty.com/kitabatake/rikukaiguntop.html

http://cache.baidu.com/c?m=9f65cb4a8c8507ed4fece763104586330e54f7683c929b027fa3c215cc7958444463feb822231619d1c77f6503a8495eebf33570351420c0c18ed714c9fecf68798772672b4f914163864efc8b&p=c37cd116d9c811a05beb932c1c0e8c&newp=9a759a46d0c415e00be29f2913559c231610db2151d4d2122b9b&user=baidu&fm=sc&query=Gaia+Gear&qid=9b1e3f110e87c5e3&p1=12 GAIA GEAR

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帝国陆军编制総覧

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[1] http://wenku.baidu.com/view/cecdd086ec3a87c24028c4c1.html

T6

http://www.wdic.org/d/MILI

T7

javascript:(function%20(s)%20{%20s.src="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%E5%96%B5/langlinks_replace.js&action=raw";%20document.body.appendChild(s);%20})(document.createElement("script"))

T8

国语配音名单

基拉·大和/于正升 亚斯兰·萨拉/丘台名、王瑞芹（幼年） 拉克丝·克莱因/詹雅菁 卡嘉丽·尤拉·阿斯哈/詹雅菁 芙蕾·阿露斯达/林美秀 美莉亚·赫/林美秀 赛·阿盖尔/熊肇川 托尔·寇尼希/丘台名 卡兹·巴斯卡克/詹雅菁 玛琉·拉米亚斯/王瑞芹→詹雅菁 娜塔尔·巴基露露/詹雅菁 穆·拉·布拉加/熊肇川 劳·卢·克鲁谢/熊肇川→于正升 伊撒古·玖尔/于正升 迪亚加·艾尔斯曼/丘台名 尼哥路·阿玛菲/林美秀 安德烈·巴特菲尔德/梁兴昌 米盖尔·艾曼/熊肇川

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关于similarly named ships, principles of government, and other uses，请见“Constitution (disambiguation)”。

Constitution under sail, 19 August 2012
历史
US
舰名	USS Constitution
舰名出处	United States Constitution
下订日	1 March 1794
建造者	Edmund Hartt's Shipyard
原始造价	$302,718 (1797)
铺设龙骨	1 November 1794
下水日期	21 October 1797
首航日期	22 July 1798
更名	Old Constitution 1917 Constitution 1925
重新归类	IX-21, 1941 No classification, 1 September 1975
母港	Charlestown Navy Yard
绰号	"Old Ironsides"
目前状态	In active service
船徽
技术数据(As built ca. 1797)
船型	44-gun frigate
吨位	1,576
排水量	2,200 tons
船长	204英尺（62米） billet head to taffrail; 175英尺（53米） at waterline
型宽	43英尺6英寸（13.26米）
高度	foremast: 198英尺（60米） mainmast: 220英尺（67米） mizzenmast:172.5英尺（52.6米）
吃水	21英尺（6.4米） forward 23英尺（7.0米） aft
舱深	14英尺3英寸（4.34米）
甲板	Orlop, Berth, Gun, Spar
动力来源	Sail (three masts, ship rig)
帆索方案	42,710 sq ft（3,968 m2） on three masts
船速	13节（24千米每小时；15英里每小时）
舰载船	1 × 36英尺（11米） longboat 2 × 30英尺（9.1米） cutters 2 × 28英尺（8.5米） whaleboats 1 × 28英尺（8.5米） gig 1 × 22英尺（6.7米） jolly boat 1 × 14英尺（4.3米） punt
乘员	450 including 55 Marines and 30 boys (1797)
武器装备	30 × 24-pounder (11 kg) long gun 20 × 32-pounder (15 kg) carronade 2 × 24-pounder (11 kg) bow chasers

USS Constitution
美国国家史迹名录
地点	Boston Naval Shipyard, Boston, Massachusetts
占地面积	less than one acre
建于	1797
NRHP编号	66000789
NRHP收录	15 October 1966

USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy. Named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America, she is the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. Launched in 1797, Constitution was one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. Built in Boston, Massachusetts, at Edmund Hartt's shipyard, her first duties with the newly formed United States Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.

Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships: “Guerriere”号1806 (6), “Java”号1811 (2), “Pictou”号1813 (2), “Cyane”号1806 (2) and “Levant”号1813 (2). The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of "Old Ironsides" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, and circled the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War, she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy. She carried US artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878.

Retired from active service in 1881, Constitution served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1934 she completed a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation. Constitution sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997, and again in August 2012, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere.

Constitution's stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events. As a fully commissioned US Navy ship, her crew of 60 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies, educational programs, and special events while keeping the ship open to visitors year round and providing free tours. The officers and crew are all active-duty US Navy personnel and the assignment is considered special duty in the Navy. Traditionally, command of the vessel is assigned to a Navy Commander. Constitution is berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail.

Construction

主条目：Original six frigates of the United States Navy

In 1785 Barbary pirates, most notably from Algiers, began to seize American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. In 1793 alone, eleven American ships were captured and their crews and stores held for ransom. To combat this problem, proposals were made for warships to protect American shipping, resulting in the Naval Act of 1794. The act provided funds to construct six frigates, but included a clause that if peace terms were agreed to with Algiers, the construction of the ships would be halted.

Joshua Humphreys' design was unusual for the time, being long on keel and narrow of beam (width) and mounting very heavy guns. The design called for a diagonal scantling (rib) scheme intended to restrict hogging while giving the ships extremely heavy planking. This design gave the hull a greater strength than a more lightly built frigate. Humphreys' design was based on his realization that the fledgling United States of the period could not match the European states in the size of their navies. This being so, the frigates were designed to be able to overpower any other frigate yet escape from a ship of the line.

The name Constitution was selected by President George Washington. Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1794 at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in Boston, Massachusetts, under the supervision of Captain Samuel Nicholson and naval constructor Colonel George Claghorn. Primary materials used in her construction consisted of pine and oak, including southern live oak, which was cut and milled near St. Simons, Georgia. Constitution's hull was built 21英寸（530毫米） thick and her length between perpendiculars was 175英尺（53米）, with a 204英尺（62米） length overall and a width of 43英尺6英寸（13.26米）. In total, 60英亩（24公顷） of trees were needed for her construction. Paul Revere forged the copper bolts and breasthooks. The copper sheathing, installed to prevent shipworm, was imported from England.

Claghorn's announcement of the launching

In March 1796, as construction slowly progressed, a peace accord was announced between the United States and Algiers and, in accordance with the Naval Act of 1794, construction was halted. After some debate and prompting by President Washington, Congress agreed to continue to fund the construction of the three ships nearest to completion: “United States”号1797 (2), “Constellation”号1797 (2), and Constitution. Constitution's launching ceremony on 20 September 1797 was attended by then President John Adams and Massachusetts Governor Increase Sumner. Upon launch, she slid down the ways only 27英尺（8.2米） before stopping; her weight had caused the ways to settle into the ground, preventing further movement. An attempt two days later resulted in only an additional 31英尺（9.4米） of travel before the ship again stopped. After a month of rebuilding the ways, Constitution finally slipped into Boston Harbor on 21 October 1797, with Captain James Sever breaking a bottle of Madeira wine on her bowsprit.

Armament

参见：Naval artillery in the Age of Sail

Though rated as a 44-gun frigate, Constitution would often carry over 50 guns at a time. Ships of this era had no permanent battery of guns, such as modern Navy ships carry. The guns and cannons were designed to be completely portable, and often were exchanged between ships as situations warranted. Each commanding officer outfitted armaments to his liking, taking into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo, complement of personnel aboard, and planned routes to be sailed. Consequently, the armaments on ships would change often during their careers, and records of the changes were not generally kept.

During the War of 1812, Constitution's battery of guns typically consisted of thirty 24-pounder (11 kg) cannons, with 15 on each side of the gun deck. Twenty-two 32-pounder (15 kg) carronades on the spar deck were deployed 11 per side. Four chase guns were also positioned, two each at the stern and bow.

Since her 1927–1931 restoration, all of the guns aboard Constitution are replicas. Most were cast in 1930, but two carronades on the spar deck were cast in 1983. In order to restore the capability of firing ceremonial salutes, during her 1973–1976 restoration, a modern 40 mm（1.6英寸） saluting gun was hidden inside the forward long gun on each side.

Quasi-War

参见：Quasi-War

President John Adams ordered all Navy ships to sea in late May 1798 to patrol for armed ships of France, and to free any American ship captured by them. Constitution was still not ready to sail, and eventually had to borrow sixteen 18-pound (8.2 kg) cannons from Castle Island before finally being ready. Constitution put to sea on the evening of 22 July 1798 with orders to patrol the Eastern seaboard between New Hampshire and New York. A month later she was patrolling between Chesapeake Bay and Savannah, Georgia, when Nicholson found his first opportunity for capturing a prize: off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, on 8 September, she intercepted Niger, a 24-gun ship sailing with a French crew en route from Jamaica to Philadelphia, claiming to have been under the orders of Great Britain. Perhaps not understanding his orders correctly, Nicholson had the crewmen imprisoned, placed a prize crew aboard Niger, and brought her into Norfolk, Virginia. Constitution sailed south again a week later to escort a merchant convoy, but her bowsprit was severely damaged in a gale; she returned to Boston for repairs. In the meantime, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert determined that Niger had been operating under the orders of Great Britain as claimed, and the ship and her crew were released to continue their voyage. The American government paid a restitution of $11,000 to Great Britain.

After departing from Boston on 29 December, Nicholson reported to Commodore John Barry, who was flying his flag in United States, near the island of Dominica for patrols in the West Indies. On 15 January 1799, Constitution intercepted the English merchantman Spencer, which had been taken prize by the French frigate L'Insurgente a few days prior. Technically, Spencer was a French ship operated by a French prize crew; but Nicholson, perhaps hesitant after the affair with Niger, released the ship and her crew the next morning. Upon joining Barry's command, Constitution almost immediately had to put in for repairs to her rigging due to storm damage, and it was not until 1 March that anything of note occurred. On this date, she encountered “Santa Margarita”号1779 (6), the captain of which was an acquaintance of Nicholson. The two agreed to a sailing duel, which the English captain was confident he would win. But after 11 hours of sailing Santa Margarita lowered her sails and admitted defeat, paying off the bet with a cask of wine to Nicholson. Resuming her patrols, Constitution managed to recapture the American sloop Neutrality on 27 March and, a few days later, the French ship Carteret. Secretary Stoddert had other plans, however, and recalled Constitution to Boston. She arrived there on 14 May, and Nicholson was relieved of command.

Change of command

Captain Silas Talbot was recalled to duty to command Constitution and serve as Commodore of operations in the West Indies. After repairs and resupply were completed, Constitution departed Boston on 23 July with a destination of Saint-Domingue via Norfolk and a mission to interrupt French shipping. She took the prize Amelia from a French prize crew on 15 September, and Talbot sent the ship back to New York City with an American prize crew. Constitution arrived at Saint-Domingue on 15 October and rendezvoused with “Boston”号1799 (2), “General Greene”号1799 (2), and “Norfolk”号1798 (2). No further incidents occurred over the next six months, as French depredations in the area had declined. Constitution busied herself with routine patrols and Talbot made diplomatic visits. It was not until April 1800 that Talbot investigated an increase in ship traffic near Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo, and discovered that the French privateer Sandwich had taken refuge there. On 8 May the squadron captured the sloop Sally, and Talbot hatched a plan to capture Sandwich by utilizing the familiarity of Sally to allow the Americans access to the harbor. First Lieutenant Isaac Hull led 90 sailors and Marines into Puerto Plata without challenge on 11 May, capturing Sandwich and spiking the guns of the nearby Spanish fort. However, it was later determined that Sandwich had been captured from a neutral port; she was returned to the French with apologies, and no prize money was awarded to the squadron.

Routine patrols again occupied Constitution for the next two months, until 13 July, when the mainmast trouble of a few months before recurred. She put into Cap Francois for repairs. With the terms of enlistment soon to expire for the sailors aboard her, she made preparations to return to the United States, and was relieved of duty by Constellation on 23 July. Constitution escorted twelve merchantmen to Philadelphia on her return voyage, and on 24 August put in at Boston, where she received new masts, sails, and rigging. Even though peace was imminent between the United States and France, Constitution again sailed for the West Indies on 17 December as squadron flagship, rendezvousing with “Congress”号1799 (2), “Adams”号1799 (2), “Augusta”号1799 (2), “Richmond”号1798 (2), and “Trumbull”号1799 (2). Although no longer allowed to pursue French shipping, the squadron was assigned to protect American shipping and continued in that capacity until April 1801, when “Herald”号1798 (2) arrived with orders for the squadron to return to the United States. Constitution returned to Boston, where she lingered; she was finally scheduled for an overhaul in October, but it was later canceled. She was placed in ordinary on 2 July 1802.

First Barbary War

参见：First Barbary War

During the United States' preoccupation with France and the Quasi-War, troubles with the Barbary States were suppressed by the payment of tribute to ensure that American merchant ships were not harassed and seized. In 1801 Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli, dissatisfied with the amount of tribute he was receiving in comparison to Algiers, demanded an immediate payment of $250,000, equal to $4,724,500 today. In response, Thomas Jefferson sent a squadron of frigates to protect American merchant ships in the Mediterranean and to pursue peace with the Barbary States.

The first squadron, under the command of Richard Dale in “President”号1800 (2), was instructed to escort merchant ships through the Mediterranean and negotiate with leaders of the Barbary States. A second squadron was assembled under the command of Richard Valentine Morris in “Chesapeake”号1799 (2). The performance of Morris's squadron was so poor that he was recalled and subsequently dismissed from the Navy in 1803.

Constitution c. 1803–1804

Captain Edward Preble recommissioned Constitution on 13 May 1803 as his flagship, and made preparations to command a new squadron for a third blockade attempt. The copper sheathing on Constitution's hull needed to be replaced; Paul Revere supplied the copper sheets necessary for the job. Constitution departed Boston on 14 August. On 6 September, near the Rock of Gibraltar, she encountered an unknown ship in the darkness. Constitution went to general quarters, then ran alongside of her. Preble hailed the unknown ship, only to receive a hail in return. After identifying his ship as the United States frigate Constitution, he received the same question again. Preble, losing his patience, said: "I am now going to hail you for the last time. If a proper answer is not returned, I will fire a shot into you." The stranger returned, "If you give me a shot, I'll give you a broadside." Asking once more, Preble demanded an answer, to which he received, "This is His Britannic Majesty's ship Donegal, 84 guns, Sir Richard Strachan, an English commodore," as well as a command to "Send your boat on board." Preble, now devoid of all patience, exclaimed, "This is United States ship Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an American commodore, who will be damned before he sends his boat on board of any vessel." And then to his gun crews: "Blow your matches, boys!" Before the incident escalated further, a boat arrived from the other ship and a British lieutenant relayed his Captain's apologies. The ship was in fact not Donegal but instead “Maidstone”号1797 (6), a 32-gun frigate. Constitution had come alongside her so quietly that Maidstone had delayed answering with the proper hail while she readied her guns. This act began the strong allegiance between Preble and the officers under his command, known as "Preble's boys", as he had shown he was willing to defy a presumed ship of the line.

Arriving at Gibraltar on 12 September, Preble waited for the other ships of the squadron. His first order of business was to arrange a treaty with Sultan Slimane of Morocco, who was holding American ships hostage to ensure the return of two vessels the Americans had captured. Departing Gibraltar on 3 October, Constitution and “Nautilus”号1799 (2) arrived at Tangiers on the 4th. “Adams”号1799 (2) and “New York”号1800 (2) arrived the next day. With four American warships in his harbor, the Sultan was more than glad to arrange the transfer of ships between the two nations, and Preble departed with his squadron on 14 October, heading back to Gibraltar.

Battle of Tripoli Harbor

“Philadelphia”号1799 (2) burning in Tripoli Harbor

主条目：Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor

On 31 October “Philadelphia”号1799 (2), under the command of William Bainbridge, ran aground off Tripoli while pursuing a Tripoline vessel. The crew was taken prisoner; Philadelphia was refloated by the Tripolines and brought into their harbor. To deprive the Tripolines of their prize, Preble planned to destroy Philadelphia using the captured ship Mastico, which was renamed “Intrepid”号1798 (2). Under the command of Stephen Decatur, Intrepid entered Tripoli Harbor on 16 February 1804 disguised as a merchant ship. Decatur's crew quickly overpowered the Tripoline crew and set Philadelphia ablaze.

Withdrawing the squadron to Syracuse, Sicily, Preble began planning for a summer attack on Tripoli, procuring a number of smaller gunboats that could move in closer to Tripoli than was feasible for Constitution given her deep draft. Arriving the morning of 3 August, Constitution, “Argus”号1803 (2), “Enterprise”号1799 (2), “Scourge”号1804 (2), “Syren”号1803 (2), the six gunboats, and two bomb ketches began operations. Twenty-two Tripoline gunboats met them in the harbor and, in a series of attacks in the coming month, Constitution and her squadron severely damaged or destroyed the Tripoline gunboats, taking their crews prisoner. Constitution primarily provided gunfire support, bombarding the shore batteries of Tripoli. Yet despite his losses, Karamanli remained firm in his demand for ransom and tribute.

In a last attempt of the season against Tripoli, Preble outfitted Intrepid as a "floating volcano" with 100 short ton（91 t） of gunpowder aboard. She was to sail into Tripoli harbor and blow up in the midst of the corsair fleet, close under the walls of the city. Under the command of Richard Somers, Intrepid made her way into the harbor on the evening of 3 September, but exploded prematurely, killing Somers and his entire crew of thirteen volunteers.

Constellation and President arrived at Tripoli on the 9th with Samuel Barron in command; Preble was forced to relinquish his command of the squadron to Barron, who was senior in rank. Constitution was ordered to Malta on the 11th for repairs, and while en route captured two Greek vessels attempting to deliver wheat into Tripoli. On the 12th, a collision with President severely damaged Constitution's bow, stern, and figurehead of Hercules. The collision was attributed to an "act of God", in the form of a sudden change in wind direction.

Peace treaty

Captain John Rodgers assumed command of Constitution on 9 November while she underwent repairs and resupply in Malta, and resumed the blockade of Tripoli on 5 April 1805, capturing a Tripoline xebec and the two prizes she had captured. Meanwhile, Commodore Barron gave William Eaton naval support to bombard Derne, while a detachment of US Marines under the command of Presley O'Bannon was assembled to attack the city by land. They captured it on 27 April. A peace treaty with Tripoli was signed aboard Constitution on 3 June, in which she embarked the crewmembers of Philadelphia and returned them to Syracuse. Dispatched to Tunis, Constitution arrived there on 30 July, and by 1 August seventeen additional American warships had gathered in its harbor: Congress, Constellation, Enterprise, “Essex”号1799 (2), “Franklin”号1795 (2), “Hornet”号1805 sloop (2), “John Adams”号1799 (2), Nautilus, Syren, and eight gunboats. Negotiations went on for several days until a short-term blockade of the harbor finally produced a peace treaty on 14 August.

Rodgers remained in command of the squadron, tasked with sending warships back to the United States when they were no longer needed. Eventually all that remained were Constitution, Enterprise, and Hornet. They performed routine patrols and observed the French and Royal Navy operations of the Napoleonic Wars. Rodgers turned command of the squadron and Constitution over to Captain Hugh G. Campbell on 29 May 1806.

James Barron and Chesapeake sailed out of Norfolk on 15 May 1807 to replace Constitution as the flagship of the Mediterranean squadron, but soon encountered “Leopard”号1790 (6), resulting in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. Relief of Constitution was thereby delayed. Constitution continued patrols, unaware of the delay. She arrived in late June at Leghorn, where she took aboard the disassembled Tripoli Monument for transport back to the United States. Arriving at Málaga, she learned the fate of Chesapeake. Campbell immediately began preparing Constitution and Hornet for possible war against England. The crew, upon learning of the delay in their relief, became mutinous and refused to sail any further unless the destination was the United States. Campbell and his officers threatened to fire a cannon full of grape shot at the crewmen if they did not comply, thereby putting an end to the conflict. Ordered home on 18 August, Campbell and the squadron set sail for Boston on 8 September, arriving there on 14 October. Constitution had been gone over four years.

War of 1812

参见：War of 1812

Constitution during the chase

Constitution was recommissioned in December with Captain John Rodgers again taking command to oversee a major refitting. She was overhauled at a cost just under $100,000 (equal to $1,852,745 today); however, Rodgers inexplicably failed to clean her copper sheathing, leading him to later declare her a "slow sailer". She spent most of the following two years on training runs and ordinary duty. When Isaac Hull took command in June 1810, he immediately recognized that she needed her bottom cleaned. "Ten waggon loads" of barnacles and seaweed were removed.

Hull departed on 5 August 1811 for France, transporting the new Ambassador Joel Barlow and his family; they arrived on 1 September. During her visit in Cherbourg, Constitution was examined by French engineers, who reported her qualities to Denis Decrès, comparing her to the similar French 24-pounder frigate Forte; Decrès ordered construction of 24-pounder frigates to resume, but the fall of the Empire occurred only a few months later. Remaining near France and Holland through the winter months, Hull continually held sail and gun drills to keep the crew ready for possible hostilities with the British. After the events of the Little Belt Affair the previous May, tensions were high between the United States and Britain, and Constitution was shadowed by British frigates while awaiting dispatches from Barlow to carry back to the United States. They arrived home on 18 February 1812.

War was declared on 18 June and Hull put to sea on 12 July, attempting to join the five ships of a squadron under the command of Rodgers in “President”号1800 (2). Hull sighted five ships off Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on 17 July and at first believed them to be Rodgers' squadron, but by the following morning the lookouts determined that they were a British squadron out of Halifax: “Aeolus”号1801 (6), “Africa”号1781 (2), “Belvidera”号1809 (2), “Guerriere”号1806 (2), and “Shannon”号1806 (2). They had sighted Constitution and were giving chase.

Finding himself becalmed, Hull acted on a suggestion given by Charles Morris, ordering the crew to put boats over the side to tow the ship out of range, using kedge anchors to draw the ship forward, and wetting the sails down to take advantage of every breath of wind. The British ships soon imitated the tactic of kedging and remained in pursuit. The resulting 57 hour chase in the July heat saw the crew of Constitution employ a myriad of methods to outrun the squadron, finally pumping overboard 2,300 US gal（8.7 kl） of drinking water. Cannon fire was exchanged several times, though the British attempts fell short or over their mark, including an attempted broadside from Belvidera. On 19 July Constitution pulled far enough ahead of the British that they abandoned the pursuit.

Constitution arrived in Boston on 27 July and remained there just long enough to replenish her supplies; Hull sailed without orders on 2 August to avoid being blockaded in port. Heading on a northeast route towards the British shipping lanes near Halifax and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Constitution captured three British merchantmen, which Hull ordered burned rather than risk taking them back to an American port. On 16 August Hull was informed of the presence of a British frigate 100 nmi（190 km；120 mi） to the south and sailed in pursuit.

Constitution vs. Guerriere

主条目：USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere

Constitution and Guerriere at battle.

A frigate sighted on 19 August was determined to be “Guerriere”号1806 (6), with the words "Not The Little Belt" painted on her foretopsail. Guerriere opened fire upon entering range of Constitution, doing little damage. After a few exchanges of cannon fire between the ships Captain Hull maneuvered into an advantageous position and brought Constitution to within 25码（23米） of Guerriere. He then ordered a full double-loaded broadside of grape and round shot fired, which took out Guerriere's mizzenmast. With her mizzenmast dragging in the water, Guerriere's maneuverability decreased and she collided with Constitution; her bowsprit becoming entangled in Constitution's mizzen rigging. This left only Guerriere's bow guns capable of effective fire. Hull's cabin caught fire from the shots, but the fire was quickly extinguished. With the ships locked together, both Captains ordered boarding parties into action, but due to heavy seas neither party was able to board the opposing ship.

At one point the two ships rotated together counter-clockwise, with Constitution continuing to fire broadsides. When the two ships pulled apart, the force of the bowsprit's extraction sent shock waves through Guerriere's rigging. Her foremast soon collapsed, and that brought the mainmast down shortly afterward. Guerriere was now a dismasted, unmanageable hulk, with close to a third of her crew wounded or killed, while Constitution remained largely intact. The British surrendered.

Using his heavier broadsides and his ship's sailing ability, Hull had managed to surprise the British. Adding to their astonishment, many of their shot rebounded harmlessly off Constitution's hull. An American sailor reportedly exclaimed "Huzzah! her sides are made of iron!" and Constitution acquired the nickname "Old Ironsides".

The battle left Guerriere so badly damaged that she was not worth towing to port. The next morning, after transferring the British prisoners onto the Constitution, Hull ordered Guerriere burned. Arriving back in Boston on 30 August, Hull and his crew found that news of their victory had spread fast, and they were hailed as heroes.

Constitution vs Java

Diagram of the battle.

On 8 September William Bainbridge, senior to Hull, took command of "Old Ironsides" and prepared her for another mission in British shipping lanes near Brazil. Sailing with “Hornet”号1805 brig (2) on 27 October, they arrived near São Salvador on 13 December, sighting “Bonne Citoyenne”号1796 (6) in the harbor. Bonne Citoyenne was reportedly carrying $1,600,000 in specie to England, but her captain refused to leave the neutral harbor lest he lose his cargo. Leaving Hornet to await the departure of Bonne Citoyenne, Constitution sailed offshore in search of prizes. On 29 December she met with “Java”号1811 (6) under Captain Henry Lambert, a frigate of the same class as the Guerriere, and at the initial hail from Bainbridge, Java answered with a broadside that severely damaged Constitution's rigging. She was able to recover, however, and returned a series of broadsides to Java. A shot from Java destroyed Constitution's helm (wheel), so Bainbridge—wounded twice during the battle—directed the crew to steer her manually using the tiller for the remainder of the engagement. As in the battle with Guerriere, Java's bowsprit became entangled in Constitution's rigging, allowing Bainbridge to continue raking her with broadsides. Java's foremast collapsed, sending her fighting top crashing down through two decks below.

Drawing off to make emergency repairs, Bainbridge re-approached Java an hour later. As in the case with Guerriere, Java lay in shambles, an unmanageable wreck with a badly wounded crew. The British ship surrendered. Determining that Java was far too damaged to retain as a prize, Bainbridge ordered her burned, but not before having her helm salvaged and installed on Constitution. On Constitution's return to São Salvador on 1 January 1813, she met with Hornet and that ship's two British prizes to disembark the prisoners of Java. Being far away from a friendly port and needing extensive repairs, Bainbridge ordered Constitution to sail for Boston on 5 January, leaving Hornet behind to continue waiting for Bonne Citoyenne in the hopes that she would leave the harbor (she did not). Constitution's victory over Java, the third British warship in as many months to be captured by the United States, prompted the British Admiralty to order its frigates not to engage the heavier American frigates one-on-one; only British ships of the line or squadrons were permitted to come close enough to these ships to attack. Constitution arrived in Boston on 15 February to even greater celebrations than Hull had received a few months prior.

Marblehead and blockade

Bainbridge determined that Constitution required new spar deck planking and beams, masts, sails, and rigging, and replacement of her copper bottom. However, personnel and supplies were being diverted to the Great Lakes, causing shortages that would keep her in Boston intermittently with her sister ships Chesapeake, Congress, and President for the majority of the year. Charles Stewart took command on 18 July and struggled to complete the construction and recruitment of a new crew. Finally making sail on 31 December, she set course for the West Indies to harass British shipping, and by late March 1814 had captured five merchant ships and the 14-gun “Pictou”号1813 (6). She also pursued “Columbine”号1806 (6) and “Pique”号1800 (2), though both ships escaped after realizing she was an American frigate.

Off the coast of Bermuda on 27 March, it was discovered that her mainmast had split, requiring immediate repair. Stewart set a course for Boston, where on 3 April two British ships “Junon”号1810 (6) and “Tenedos”号1812 (2), commenced pursuit. Stewart ordered drinking water and food to be cast overboard to lighten her load and gain speed, trusting that her mainmast would hold together long enough for her to make her way into Marblehead, Massachusetts. The last item thrown overboard was the supply of spirits. Upon Constitution's arrival in the harbor, the citizens of Marblehead rallied in support, assembling what cannons they possessed at Fort Sewall, and the British called off the pursuit. Two weeks later, Constitution made her way into Boston, where she remained blockaded in port until mid-December.

HMS Cyane and HMS Levant

主条目：Capture of HMS Cyane

Captain George Collier of the Royal Navy received command of the 50-gun “Leander”号1813 (6) and was sent to North America to deal with the American frigates that were causing losses to British merchant shipping. Meanwhile, Charles Stewart saw his chance to escape from Boston Harbor and made it good on the afternoon of 18 December. The ship again set course for Bermuda. Collier gathered a squadron consisting of Leander, “Newcastle”号1813 (2), and “Acasta”号1797 (2), and set off in pursuit, but was unable to overtake Constitution.

On 24 December Constitution intercepted the merchantman Lord Nelson and placed a prize crew aboard. Lord Nelson's stores readily supplied a Christmas dinner for the crew of Constitution; she had left Boston not fully supplied. Off Cape Finisterre on 8 February 1815, Stewart learned that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, but realized that until it was ratified a state of war still existed. On 16 February Constitution captured the British merchantman Susanna with her cargo of animal hides valued at $75,000. Sighting two British ships on 20 February, she gave chase to them. The two were Cyane and “Levant”号1813 (2), sailing in company.

Cyane and Levant began a series of broadsides against Constitution, but Stewart outmaneuvered both of them. Forcing Levant to draw off for repairs, he concentrated fire on Cyane, which soon struck her colors. Levant returned to engage Constitution, but once she saw that Cyane had been defeated she turned and attempted escape. Constitution overtook her, and after several more broadsides she too struck her colors. Stewart remained with his new prizes overnight while ordering repairs to all ships. Constitution had suffered little damage in the battle, though it was later discovered she had twelve 32-pound British cannonballs embedded in her hull, none of which had penetrated through. Setting a course for the Cape Verde Islands, the trio arrived at Porto Praya on 10 March.

The next morning Collier's squadron was spotted on a course for the harbor, and Stewart ordered all ships to sail immediately. Stewart had until then been unaware of the pursuit by Collier. Cyane was able to elude the squadron and make sail for America, where she arrived on 10 April, but Levant was overtaken and recaptured. While Collier's squadron was distracted with Levant, Constitution made another escape from overwhelming forces.

Constitution set a course towards Guinea and then west towards Brazil, as Stewart had learned from the capture of Susanna that “Inconstant”号1783 (6) was transporting gold bullion back to England, and wanted her as a prize. Constitution put into Maranhão on 2 April to offload her British prisoners and replenish her drinking water. While there, Stewart learned by rumor that the Treaty of Ghent had been ratified, and set course for America. Receiving verification of peace at San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 28 April, he set course for New York and arrived home on 15 May to large celebrations. While Constitution emerged from the war undefeated, her sister ships Chesapeake and President were not so fortunate, having been captured in 1813 and 1815 respectively. Constitution was moved to Boston and placed in ordinary in January 1816, sitting out the action of the Second Barbary War.

Mediterranean Squadron

In April 1820 Isaac Hull, commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard, directed a refitting of Constitution to prepare her for duty with the Mediterranean Squadron. Joshua Humphreys' diagonal riders were removed to make room for two iron freshwater tanks, and timbers below the waterline along with the copper sheathing were replaced. At the direction of Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson, she was also subjected to an unusual experiment in which manually operated paddle wheels were fitted to her hull. If stranded by calm seas, the paddle wheels were designed to propel her at up to 3节（5.6千米每小时；3.5英里每小时） by the crew using the ship's capstan. Initial testing was successful, but Hull and the new commanding officer of Constitution, Jacob Jones, were reportedly unimpressed with paddle wheels on a US Navy ship; Jones had them removed and stowed in the cargo hold before he departed on 13 May 1821 for a three-year tour of duty in the Mediterranean.

Constitution experienced an uneventful tour, sailing in company with “Ontario”号1813 (2) and “Nonsuch”号1813 (2), until the behavior of the crews during shore leave gave Jones a reputation as a Commodore who was lax in discipline. Weary of receiving complaints about the crews' antics while in port, the Navy ordered Jones to return, and Constitution arrived in Boston on 31 May 1824, upon which Jones was relieved of command. Thomas Macdonough took command and sailed on 29 October for the Mediterranean under the direction of John Rodgers in “North Carolina”号1820 (2). With discipline restored, Constitution resumed uneventful duty. Macdonough resigned his command for health reasons on 9 October 1825. Constitution put in for repairs during December and into January 1826, until Daniel Todd Patterson assumed command on 21 February. By August she had put into Port Mahon, suffering decay of her spar deck, and she remained there until temporary repairs were completed in March 1827. Constitution returned to Boston on 4 July 1828 and was placed in ordinary.

Old Ironsides

Built in an era when a wooden ship had an expected service life of ten to fifteen years, Constitution was now thirty-one years old. A routine order for surveys of ships held in ordinary was requested by the Secretary of the Navy John Branch; the commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard, Charles Morris, estimated a repair cost of over $157,000 (equal to $4,635,916 today) for Constitution. On 14 September 1830, an article appeared in the Boston Advertiser that erroneously claimed the Navy intended to scrap Constitution. Two days later, Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem "Old Ironsides" was published in the same paper and later all over the country, igniting public indignation and inciting efforts to save "Old Ironsides" from the scrap yard. Secretary Branch approved the costs, and she began a leisurely repair period while awaiting completion of the drydock then under construction at the yard. In contrast to the efforts to save Constitution, another round of surveys in 1834 found her sister ship Congress unfit for repair; she was unceremoniously broken up in 1835.

On 24 June 1833 Constitution entered drydock in company of a crowd of observers, among them Vice President Martin Van Buren, Levi Woodbury, Lewis Cass, and Levi Lincoln. Captain Jesse Elliott, the new commander of the Navy yard, would oversee her reconstruction. With 30英寸（760 mm） of hog in her keel, Constitution remained in dry dock until 21 June 1834. This would be the first of many times that souvenirs were made from her old planking; Isaac Hull ordered walking canes, picture frames, and even a phaeton that was presented to President Andrew Jackson. Meanwhile, Elliot directed the installation of a new figurehead of President Jackson under the bowsprit, which became a subject of much controversy due to Jackson's political unpopularity in Boston at the time. Elliot, a Jacksonian Democrat, received death threats. Rumors circulated about the citizens of Boston storming the navy yard to remove the figurehead themselves.

A merchant captain named Samuel Dewey accepted a small wager as to whether he could complete the task of removal. Elliot posted guards on Constitution to ensure safety of the figurehead, but—using the noise of thunderstorms to mask his movements—Dewey crossed the Charles River in a small boat and managed to saw off most of Jackson's head. The severed head made the rounds between taverns and meeting houses in Boston until Dewey personally returned it to Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson; it remained on Dickerson's library shelf for many years. The addition of busts to her stern depicting Isaac Hull, William Bainbridge, and Charles Stewart escaped controversy of any kind; the busts would remain in place for the next forty years.

Mediterranean and Pacific Squadrons

Elliot was appointed Captain of Constitution and got underway in March 1835 to New York, where he ordered repairs to the Jackson figurehead, avoiding a second round of controversy. Departing on 16 March Constitution set a course for France to deliver Edward Livingston to his post as Minister. She arrived on 10 April and began the return voyage on 16 May, narrowly avoiding being wrecked off the Isles of Scilly due to the mistaken navigation of her Officer of the Deck. She arrived back in Boston on 23 June, then sailed on 19 August to take her station as flagship in the Mediterranean, arriving at Port Mahon on 19 September. Her duty over the next two years was uneventful as she and United States made routine patrols and diplomatic visits. From April 1837 into February 1838 Elliot collected various ancient artifacts to carry back to America, adding various livestock during the return voyage. Constitution arrived in Norfolk on 31 July. Elliot was later suspended from duty for transporting livestock on a Navy ship.

As flagship of the Pacific Squadron under the command of Captain Daniel Turner, she began her next voyage on 1 March 1839 with the duty of patrolling the western side of South America. Often spending months in one port or another, she visited Valparaíso, Callao, Paita, and Puna while her crew amused themselves with the beaches and taverns in each locality. The return voyage found her at Rio de Janeiro, where Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visited her about 29 August 1841. Departing Rio, she collided with the ketch Queen Victoria, suffering minor damage, and returned to Norfolk on 31 October. On 22 June 1842 she was recommissioned under the command of Foxhall Alexander Parker for duty with the Home Squadron. After spending months in port she put to sea for three weeks during December, then was again put in ordinary.

Around the world

In late 1843, she was moored at Norfolk, serving as a receiving ship. Naval Constructor Foster Rhodes calculated it would require $70,000 to make her seaworthy. Acting Secretary David Henshaw faced a dilemma. His budget could not support such a cost, yet he could not allow the country's favorite ship to deteriorate. He turned to Captain John Percival. Known in the service as "Mad Jack", the captain traveled to Virginia and conducted his own survey of the ship's needs. He reported that the necessary repairs and upgrades could be done at a cost of $10,000. On 6 November, Henshaw told Percival to proceed without delay, but stay within his projected figure. After several months of labor, Percival reported Constitution ready for "a two or even a three year cruise."

She got underway on 29 May, carrying Henry A. Wise, the new Ambassador to Brazil, and his family, arriving at Rio de Janeiro on 2 August after making two port visits along the way. Remaining there to pack away supplies for the planned journey, she sailed again on 8 September, making port calls at Madagascar, Mozambique, and Zanzibar, and arriving at Sumatra on 1 January 1845. Many of her crew began to suffer from dysentery and fevers, causing several deaths, which led Percival to set course for Singapore, arriving there 8 February. While in Singapore, Commodore Henry Ducie Chads of “Cambrian”号1841 (6) paid a visit to Constitution, offering what medical assistance his squadron could provide. Chads had been the Lieutenant of “Java”号1811 (6) when that ship surrendered to William Bainbridge thirty-three years earlier.

Leaving Singapore, Constitution arrived at Turon, Cochinchina (present day Da Nang, Vietnam) on 10 May. Not long after, Percival was informed that a French missionary, Dominique Lefèbvre, was being held captive under sentence of death. Percival and a squad of Marines went ashore to speak with the local Mandarin. Percival demanded the return of Lefèbvre and took three local leaders hostage to ensure his demands were met. When no communication was forthcoming, he ordered the capture of three junks, which were brought to Constitution. Percival released the hostages after two days, attempting to show good faith towards the Mandarin, who had demanded their return. During a storm the three junks escaped upriver; a detachment of Marines pursued and recaptured them. When the supply of food and water from shore was stopped, Percival gave in to another demand for the release of the junks in order to keep his ship supplied, expecting Lefèbvre to be released. Soon realizing that no return would be made, Percival ordered Constitution to depart on 26 May.

Arriving at Canton, China, on 20 June, she spent the next six weeks there while Percival made shore and diplomatic visits. Again the crew suffered from dysentery due to poor drinking water, resulting in three more deaths by the time she reached Manila on 18 September. Spending a week there preparing to enter the Pacific Ocean, she sailed on 28 September for the Hawaiian Islands, arriving at Honolulu on 16 November. At Honolulu she found Commodore John D. Sloat and his flagship “Savannah”号1842 (2); Sloat informed Percival that Constitution was needed in Mexico, as the United States was preparing for war after the Texas Annexation. She provisioned for six months and sailed for Mazatlán, arriving there on 13 January 1846. She sat at anchor for over three months until she was finally allowed to sail for home on 22 April rounding Cape Horn on 4 July. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, the ship's party learned that the Mexican War had begun on 13 May, soon after their departure from Mazatlán. She arrived home in Boston on 27 September and was placed in ordinary on 5 October.

Mediterranean and African Squadrons

更多信息：Anti-Slavery operations of the United States Navy

The Andrew Jackson figurehead as depicted by Harpers Weekly in 1875

Constitution began a refitting in 1847 for duty with the Mediterranean Squadron. The figurehead of Andrew Jackson that had caused so much controversy fifteen years earlier was replaced with another, this time sans the top hat and with a more Napoleonic pose for Jackson. Captain John Gwinn commanded her on this voyage, departing on 9 December 1848 and arriving at Tripoli on 19 January 1849. She carried Daniel Smith McCauley and his family to Egypt. McCauley's wife gave birth en route to a son, who was named "Constitution Stewart McCauley". At Gaeta on 1 August she received onboard King Ferdinand II and Pope Pius IX, giving them a 21-gun salute. This was the first time a Pope set foot on American territory or its equivalent. At Palermo on 1 September, Captain Gwinn died of chronic gastritis and was buried near Lazaretto on the 9th. Captain Thomas Conover assumed command on the 18th and resumed routine patrolling for the rest of the tour. Heading home on 1 December 1850, she was involved in a severe collision with the English brig Confidence, which sank with the loss of her captain. The surviving crewmembers were carried back to America, where the Constitution was placed in ordinary at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in January 1851.

Recommissioned on 22 December 1852 under the command of John Rudd, the Constitution carried Commodore Isaac Mayo for duty with the African Squadron, departing the yard on 2 March 1853 on a leisurely sail towards Africa, arriving there on 18 June. Making a diplomatic visit in Liberia, Mayo arranged a treaty between the Gbarbo and the Grebo tribes. Mayo had to resort to firing cannons into the village of the Gbarbo in order to get them to agree to the treaty. This may have been the last time that the Constitution fired her cannons in anger. Near Angola on 3 November, in what would be her last capture, Constitution took as a prize the American ship H. N. Gambrill, which had been determined to be involved in the slave trade. About 22 June 1854, Mayo arranged another peace treaty between the leaders of Grahway and Half Cavally. The rest of her tour passed uneventfully and she sailed for home on 31 March 1855. She was diverted to Havana, Cuba, arriving there on 16 May. Departing there on the 24th, she arrived at Portsmouth Navy Yard and was decommissioned on 14 June, ending what was to be her last duty on the front lines. In June 1853, her sister ship Constellation had been ordered broken up. Then part of her timbers would be used to construct the next “Constellation”号1854 (2).

Civil War

参见：American Civil War

The last sailing frigate of the US Navy, “Santee”号1855 (2), had been launched in 1855. As steamships began service with the US Navy in growing numbers during the 1850s, many sail-powered ships were assigned to training duty. Since the formation of the US Naval Academy in 1845, there had been a growing need for quarters in which to house the students. In 1857, Constitution was moved to drydock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard for conversion into a training ship. Some of the earliest known photographs of her were taken during this refitting, which added classrooms on her spar and gun decks. Reduced in armament to only 16 guns, her rating was changed to a "2nd rate ship." She was recommissioned on 1 August 1860 and moved from Portsmouth to the Naval Academy.

The earliest known photograph of Constitution, undergoing repairs in 1858

At the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Constitution was ordered to relocate farther north after threats had been made against her by Confederate sympathizers. Several companies of Massachusetts volunteer soldiers were stationed aboard for her protection. “R. R. Cuyler”号1860 (2) towed her to New York City, where she arrived on 29 April. She was subsequently relocated, along with the Naval Academy, to Fort Adams near Newport, Rhode Island, for the duration of the war. Her sister ship United States was abandoned by the Union and then captured by Confederate forces at the Gosport Shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia, leaving Constitution as the only remaining frigate of the original six frigates.

During the war, to honor Constitution's tradition of service, the Navy bestowed the name “New Ironsides”号1862 (2) on an ironclad that was launched on 10 May 1862 as part of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and participated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter on 7 April 1863. However, New Ironsides's naval career was short-lived; she was destroyed by fire on 16 December 1865. In August 1865, Constitution moved back to Annapolis, along with the rest of the Naval Academy. During the voyage she was allowed to drop her tow lines from the tug and continue alone under wind power. Despite her age, she was recorded running at 9节（17千米每小时；10英里每小时） and arrived at Hampton Roads ten hours ahead of the tug.

Settling in again at the Academy, a series of upgrades was installed that included steam pipes and radiators to supply heat from shore along with gas lighting. From June to August each year she would depart with midshipmen for their summer training cruise and then return to operate for the rest of the year as a classroom. In June 1867 her last known plank owner, William Bryant, died in Maine. George Dewey assumed command in November and he served as her commanding officer until 1870. In 1871 her condition had deteriorated to the point where she was retired as a training ship, and then towed to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, where she was placed in ordinary on 26 September.

Paris Exposition

Philadelphia Navy Yard 1874

In the early months of 1873 it was decided that Constitution would be overhauled to participate in the centennial celebrations of the United States. Work began slowly and was intermittently delayed by the transition of the Philadelphia Navy Yard to League Island. By late 1875 the Navy opened bids for an outside contractor to complete her work, and Constitution was moved to Wood, Dialogue and Company in May 1876, where a small boiler for heat and a coal bin were installed. The Andrew Jackson figurehead was removed at this time and given to the Naval Academy Museum where it remains today. Her construction dragged on during the rest of 1876, and when the centennial celebrations had long passed, it was decided that she would be used as a training and school ship for apprentices entering the Navy.

Oscar C. Badger took command on 9 January 1878 to prepare her for a voyage to the Paris Exposition of 1878, transporting artwork and industrial displays of American manufacturers to France. Three railroad cars were lashed to her spar deck and all but two cannons were removed when she departed on 4 March. While docking at Le Havre she collided with Ville de Paris, which resulted in Constitution entering dry dock for repairs. Remaining in France for the rest of 1878, she got underway for the United States on 16 January 1879, but poor navigation ran her aground the next day near Bollard Head. She was towed into the Portsmouth Naval Dockyard, Hampshire, England, where only minor damage was found and repaired.

Her problem-plagued voyage would continue on 13 February when her rudder was damaged during heavy storms, resulting in a total loss of steering control. With the rudder smashing into the hull at random, three crewman went over the stern on ropes and boatswain's chairs and secured it. The next morning they rigged together a temporary steering system. Badger set a course for the nearest port, and she arrived in Lisbon on 18 February. Slow dock services delayed her departure until 11 April and her voyage home did not end until 24 May. Crewmen Henry Williams, Joseph Matthews, and James Horton would receive the Medal of Honor for their actions in repairing the damaged rudder at sea. Constitution returned to her previous duties of training apprentice boys, and on 16 November another crewman, James Thayer, received a Medal of Honor for saving a boy from drowning.

Over the next two years she continued her training cruises, but it soon became apparent that her overhaul in 1876 had been of poor quality, and she was determined to be unfit for service in 1881. As funds were lacking for another overhaul, she was decommissioned, ending her days as an active-duty naval ship. Moved to the Portsmouth Navy Yard, she was used as a receiving ship. There, she had a housing structure built over her spar deck, and her condition continued to deteriorate, with only a minimal amount of maintenance performed to keep her afloat. In 1896, Massachusetts Congressman John F. Fitzgerald became aware of her condition and proposed to Congress that funds be appropriated to restore her enough to return to Boston. She arrived at the Charlestown Navy Yard under tow on 21 September 1897, and after her centennial celebrations in October, she lay there with an uncertain future.

Museum ship

As a barracks ship in Boston c. 1905

In 1900 Congress authorized restoration of Constitution, but did not appropriate any funds for the project; funding was to be raised privately. The Massachusetts Society of the United Daughters of the War of 1812 spearheaded an effort to raise funds, but ultimately failed. In 1903 the Massachusetts Historical Society's president Charles Francis Adams requested of Congress that she be rehabilitated and placed back into active service.

In 1905, Secretary of the Navy Charles Joseph Bonaparte suggested that she be towed out to sea and used as target practice, after which she would be allowed to sink. Reading about this in a Boston newspaper, Moses H. Gulesian, a businessman from Worcester, Massachusetts, offered to purchase Constitution for $10,000. The State Department refused, but Gulesian initiated a public campaign which began from Boston and ultimately "spilled all over the country." The storms of protest from the public prompted Congress to authorize $100,000 for her restoration in 1906. First to be removed was the barracks structure on her spar deck, but the limited amount of funds allowed just a partial restoration. By 1907 she began to serve as a museum ship with tours offered to the public. On 1 December 1917 she was renamed Old Constitution, to free her name for a planned new Lexingtonbattlecruiser. Originally destined for the lead ship of the class, the name Constitution was shuffled around between hulls until CC-5 was given the name; construction of CC-5 was canceled in 1923 due to the Washington Naval Treaty. The incomplete hull was sold for scrap, and Old Constitution was granted the return of her name on 24 July 1925.

1925 restoration and tour

Admiral Edward Walter Eberle, Chief of Naval Operations, ordered the Board of Inspection and Survey to compile a report on her condition, and the inspection of 19 February 1924 found her in grave condition. Water had to be pumped out of her hold on a daily basis just to keep her afloat, and her stern was in danger of falling off. Almost all deck areas and structural components were filled with rot, and she was considered to be on the verge of ruin. Yet the Board recommended that she be thoroughly repaired in order to preserve her as long as possible. The estimated cost of repairs was $400,000. Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur proposed to Congress that the required funds be raised privately, and he was authorized to assemble the committee charged with her restoration.

The first effort was sponsored by the national Elks Lodge. Programs presented to schoolchildren about "Old Ironsides" encouraged them to donate pennies towards her restoration, eventually raising $148,000. In the meantime, the estimates for repair began to climb, eventually reaching over $745,000 after costs of materials were realized. In September 1926, Wilbur began to sell copies of a painting of Constitution at 50 cents per copy. The silent film Old Ironsides, which portrayed Constitution during the First Barbary War, premiered in December and helped spur more contributions to her restoration fund. The final campaign allowed memorabilia to be made of her discarded planking and metal. Among the items sold were ashtrays, bookends and picture frames. The committee eventually raised over $600,000 after expenses—still short of the required amount—and Congress approved up to $300,000 to complete the restoration. The final cost of the restoration was $946,000.

Transiting the Panama Canal 1932

Lieutenant John A. Lord was selected to oversee the reconstruction project, and work began while efforts to raise funds were still underway. Materials were difficult to find, especially the live oak needed; Lord uncovered a long-forgotten stash of live oak (some 1,500 short ton（1,400 t）) at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida that had been cut sometime in the 1850s for a ship building program that never began. By the mid-1920s even the tools needed for the restoration were difficult to find, and some came from as far away as Maine. The Constitution entered drydock with a crowd of 10,000 observers on 16 June 1927. Meanwhile, Charles Francis Adams had been appointed as the Secretary of the Navy, and he proposed that the Constitution make a tour of the United States upon her completion as a gift to the nation for its efforts to help restore her. She emerged from drydock on 15 March 1930, and many amenities were installed to prepare her for the three-year tour of the country, including water piping throughout, modern toilet and shower facilities, electric lighting to make the interior visible for visitors, and several peloruses for ease of navigation.

No stranger to controversy, Constitution experienced another episode when Assistant Secretary of the Navy Ernest Jahncke made comments doubting the ability of the modern US Navy to still sail a vessel of her type. Veterans groups from around the country had proposed that she should make the tour under sail, but due to the schedule of visits on her itinerary she was towed by the minesweeper “Grebe”号AM-43 (2). Nevertheless, she was recommissioned on 1 July 1931 under the command of Louis J. Gulliver with a crew of sixty officers and sailors, fifteen Marines, and their mascot, a pet monkey named Rosie. Setting out with much celebration and a 21-gun salute, the tour of 90 port cities along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts began at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She went as far north as Bar Harbor, Maine, on the Atlantic coast, south through the Panama Canal Zone, and north again to Bellingham, Washington, on the Pacific Coast. The Constitution returned to her home port of Boston in May 1934 after more than 4.6 million people had visited her during the three-year journey.

Bicentennial celebrations

Settled in Boston again, Constitution returned to serving as a museum ship, receiving 100,000 visitors per year. She was maintained by a small crew that watched over her and were berthed on the ship, requiring that a more reliable heating system be installed, eventually leading to a forced-air system in the 1950s and the addition of a sprinkler system that would help protect her from fire. On 21 September 1938 during the New England Hurricane, Constitution broke loose from her dock and was blown out into Boston Harbor where she collided with the destroyer “Ralph Talbot”号DD-390 (2); she suffered only minor damage.

1947 stamp issued to commemorate the 150th anniversary of USS Constitution

With limited funds available, she experienced more deterioration over the years, and items began to disappear from the ship as souvenir hunters picked away at the more portable objects. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed her in permanent commission. General Bruce Magruder gave the nickname "Old Ironsides" to the 1st Armored Division of the United States Army in honor of the ship. In early 1941, she was assigned the hull classification symbol IX-21 and began to serve as a brig for officers awaiting court-martial. The United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating Constitution in 1947, and an act of Congress in 1954 made the Secretary of the Navy responsible for her upkeep.

In 1970 another survey of her condition was performed, this time finding that repairs were required, but not as extensive as those she had needed in the 1920s. The US Navy determined that an officer of the rank of Commander—typically someone with about twenty years of seniority—would be required as commanding officer, so as to have the experience to organize the maintenance she required. Funds were approved in 1972 for her restoration, and she entered drydock in April 1973, remaining until April 1974. During this period, large quantities of red oak were removed and replaced. The red oak had been added in the 1950s as an experiment to see if it would last better than the live oak, but it had mostly rotted away by 1970. Commander Tyrone G. Martin became her Captain in August 1974, as preparations for the upcoming United States Bicentennial celebrations began. Commander Martin set the precedent that all construction work on Constitution was to be aimed towards maintaining her to the 1812 configuration for which she is most famous. In September 1975 her hull classification of IX-21 was officially canceled.

The privately run USS Constitution Museum opened on 8 April 1976, and one month later Commander Martin dedicated a tract of land located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Indiana as "Constitution Grove." The 25,000英亩（100平方千米） now supply the majority of the white oak required for repair work. On 10 July Constitution led the parade of tall ships up Boston Harbor for Operation Sail, firing her guns at one-minute intervals for the first time in approximately 100 years. On the 11th she rendered a 21-gun salute to Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia as Her Majesty Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness Prince Philip arrived for a state visit. Her Majesty and His Royal Highness were piped aboard and privately toured the ship for approximately thirty minutes with Commander Martin and Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf. Upon their departure the crew of Constitution rendered three cheers for the Queen. Over 900,000 visitors toured "Old Ironsides" that year.

1995 reconstruction

Constitution entered drydock in 1992 for an inspection and minor repair period that turned out to be her most comprehensive structural restoration and repair since she was launched in 1797. Over the 200 years of her career, as her mission changed from a fighting warship to a training ship and eventually a receiving ship, multiple refittings had removed most of her original construction components and design. In 1993 the Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston reviewed Humphreys' original plans and identified five main structural components that were required to prevent hogging of a ship's hull, as Constitution had at this point 13英寸（330 mm） of hog. Using a 1:16 scale model of the ship, they were able to determine that restoring the original components would result in a 10% increase in hull stiffness.

Using radiography, a technique unavailable during previous reconstructions, 300 scans of her timbers were completed to find any hidden problems otherwise undetectable from the outside. Aided by the United States Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory, the repair crew used sound wave testing to determine the condition of the remaining timbers that may have been rotting from the inside. The 13英寸（330 mm） of hog was removed from her keel by allowing the ship to settle naturally while in dry dock. The most difficult task, as it had been during her 1920s restoration, was the procurement of timber in the quantity and sizes needed. The city of Charleston, South Carolina, donated live oak trees that had been felled by Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and the International Paper Company donated live oak from its own property. The project continued to reconstruct her to 1812 specifications even as she remained open to visitors, who were allowed to observe the process and converse with workers. The twelve million dollar project was completed in 1995.

Sail 200

Constitution sails unassisted for the first time in 116 years

Walter Cronkite takes the helm

As early as 1991, Commander David Cashman had suggested that Constitution should sail, rather than be towed, to celebrate her 200th anniversary in 1997. The proposal was approved, though it was thought to be a large undertaking since she had not sailed in over 100 years. When she emerged from drydock in 1995, a more serious effort began to prepare her for sail. As in the 1920s, education programs aimed at school children helped collect pennies to purchase the sails to make the voyage possible. Eventually her six-sail battle configuration would consist of jibs, topsails, and driver.

Commander Mike Beck began training the crew for the historic sail using an 1819 Navy sailing manual and several months of practice, including time spent aboard the Coast Guard cutter Eagle. On 19 July 1997 a free showing of the classic silent film Old Ironsides was given, with the film accompanist, organist Dennis James, using original materials by Hugo Riesenfeld, and period scores. During the scene depicting its battle with the Guerriere, the ship's actual cannon were fired in sync with the film. The next day, on 20 July, Constitution was towed from her usual berth in Boston to an overnight mooring in Marblehead, Massachusetts. En route she made her first sail in 116 years at a recorded 6节（11千米每小时；6.9英里每小时）, and was absent overnight from her berth in Charlestown for the first time since 1934. Embarked dignitaries included the Secretary of the Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, US Senator Ted Kennedy, US Senator John Kerry, and journalist and avid recreational sailor Walter Cronkite.

The next day, 21 July, she was towed 5海里（9.3千米；5.8英里） offshore, where the tow line was dropped and Commander Beck ordered six sails set (jibs, topsails, and spanker). She then sailed for 40 minutes on a south-south-east course with true wind speeds of about 12 kn（22 km/h；14 mph）, attaining a top recorded speed of 4 kn（7.4 km/h；4.6 mph）. While under sail, her modern US naval combatant escorts, the guided missile destroyer “Ramage”号DDG-61 (2) and frigate “Halyburton”号FFG-40 (2), rendered passing honors to "Old Ironsides", and she was overflown by the US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels. Inbound to her permanent berth at Charlestown she rendered a 21-gun salute to the nation off Fort Independence in Boston Harbor.

Present day

The mission of Constitution is to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through active participation in public events and education through outreach programs, public access, and historic demonstration. Her crew of 60 officers and enlisted participate in ceremonies, educational programs, and special events while keeping the ship open to visitors year-round and providing free tours. The crewmen are all active-duty members of the U.S. Navy, and the assignment is considered to be special duty. Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world.

Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence on 4 July 2011

The Naval History and Heritage Command Detachment Boston is responsible for planning and performing her maintenance, repair, and restoration, keeping her as close to her 1812 configuration as possible. The detachment estimates that approximately 10–15 percent of the timber in Constitution contains original material installed during her initial construction period in the years 1795–1797.

Constitution is berthed at Pier One of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail. She is open to the public year round. The privately run USS Constitution Museum is nearby, located in a restored shipyard building at the foot of Pier Two. Constitution typically makes one "turnaround cruise" each year during which she is towed out into Boston Harbor to perform underway demonstrations, including a gun drill, and then returned to her dock, where she is berthed in the opposite direction to ensure that she weathers evenly. The "turnaround cruise" is open to the general public based on a "lottery draw" of interested persons each year.

In 2003 the special effects crew from the production of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World spent several days using Constitution as a computer model for the fictional French frigate Acheron, using stem-to-stern digital image scans of "Old Ironsides." Lieutenant Commander John Scivier of the Royal Navy, commanding officer of HMS Victory, paid a visit to Constitution in November 2007, touring the local facilities with Commander William A. Bullard III. They discussed arranging an exchange program between the two ships.

The Constitution sails under her own power in Boston Harbor, 200 years after her defeat of Guerriere.

Constitution emerged from a three-year repair period in November 2010. During this time the entire spar deck was stripped down to the support beams, and the decking overhead was replaced to restore its original curvature, allowing water to drain overboard and not remain standing on the deck. In addition to decking repairs, 50 hull planks and the main hatch were repaired or replaced. The restoration continued the focus toward keeping her appearance of 1812 by replacing her upper sides so that she now resembles what she looked like after her triumph over “Guerriere”号1806 (6), when she gained her nickname "Old Ironsides". The crew of the Constitution and her commanding officer, Commander Matt Bonner, during the bicentennial observances of the War of 1812, sailed Constitution under her own power on 19 August 2012, the anniversary of her defeat of the Guerriere. Bonner is Constitution's 72nd commanding officer.

Bibliography

• Abbot, Willis J. The Naval History of the United States 1. Peter Fenelon Collier. 1896. OCLC 3453791. 
• ——. The Naval History of the United States 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. 1896. OCLC 3453791. 
• Allen, Gardner Weld. Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. 1905. OCLC 2618279. 
• ——. Our Naval War With France. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 1909. OCLC 1202325. 
• Beach, Edward L. The United States Navy 200 Years. New York: H. Holt. 1986. ISBN 978-0-03-044711-2. OCLC 12104038. 
• Carpenter, Edward, J. Old Ironsides (Uncorrected OCR text). The New England Magazine. 1897, 23 (3): 263–282. 
• Template:Colledge
• Fitz-Enz, David G. Old Ironsides: Eagle of the Sea: The Story of the USS Constitution. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing. 2004. ISBN 978-1-58979-160-2. OCLC 54778453. 
• Gardiner, Robert. Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1-86176-292-4. OCLC 65768049. 
• Hill, Frederic Stanhope. Twenty-Six Historic Ships. The Knickerbocker Press. 1905. OCLC 1667284. 
• Hollis, Ira N. The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. 1900. OCLC 2350400. 
• Jennings, John. Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S Constitution. Thomas Y. Crowell. 1966. OCLC 1291484. 
• Maclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898 1 New. New York: D. Appleton. 1898 [1893]. OCLC 609036. 
• ——. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898 2 New. New York: D. Appleton. 1898 [1893]. OCLC 609036. 
• Martin, Tyrone G. A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides". Naval Institute Press. 1997. ISBN 978-1-55750-588-0. OCLC 243901224. 
• Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain 3rd. New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. 1883 [1882]. OCLC 133902576. 
• Tashjian, James H. A Bicentennial History of the Armenian Community of Massachusetts. Armenian Review (Boston: Hairenik Association). Autumn 1975, 28 (3–111). 
• Toll, Ian W. Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925. 
• Tracy, Nicholas. Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. London: Chatham Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1-86176-244-3. OCLC 238896527. 
• Winfield, Rif. British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. St. Paul: Seaforth / MBI. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84415-700-6. OCLC 216617748. 

Further reading

• Cooper, James Fenimore. Old Ironsides. Putnam's Monthly. 1853, I (V). 
• Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. 2000. ISBN 978-0-7838-9151-4. OCLC 44468774. 
• Humphreys, Assheton Y. Tyrone G. Martin , 编. The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. 2000. ISBN 978-1-877853-60-9. OCLC 44632941. 
• Wachtel, Roger. Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Childrens Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-516-24207-1. OCLC 50035427. 

External links

• USS Constitution Official homepage
• 3D Virtual Tour
• The Captain's Clerk—Extensive sources including ship logs, personnel rosters and research information
• Constitution and Grebe in Houston, 1932
• Maritimequest Constitution Photo Gallery
• USS Constitution Museum
• USS Constitution Sails for First Time since 1997
• USS Constitution Hosts Ship's Stamp Unveiling Ceremony

前任： Copp's Hill

Locations along Boston's Freedom Trail USS Constitution

继任： Bunker Hill Monument

T10

《莫尔格街凶杀案》（The Murders in the Rue Morgue）是埃德加·爱伦·坡创作的短篇小说，于1841 年首次刊登在《格雷厄姆杂志》上。该作被公认为第一部现代侦探小说，而爱伦·坡本人则将其归入自己的“理性推理故事”系列。

C·奥古斯特·杜邦是巴黎的一位神秘案件破解者，成功侦破了两位女性遭遇的恶性命案。多名目击者虽声称听到疑似嫌疑人的声响，却对其使用语言种类各执一词。在凶案现场勘察过程中，杜宾提取到一根明显不属于人类毛发特征的生物组织。

作为文学史上首位侦探形象，爱伦·坡笔下的杜邦诸多标志性特征，这些特征成为如夏洛克·福尔摩斯与赫尔克里·波洛等后世侦探形象的文学模板。这一原型体系包含三大核心要素：非凡智慧的侦探主体、承担叙事功能的密友搭档、以及先陈述结论再回溯推理过程的叙事框架——这一模式通过《玛丽·罗杰奇案》与《失窃的信》中杜邦形象的延续得以完善，最终确立为侦探文学黄金法则。

主题与分析

杜邦就谋杀案质问水手的一幕。拜厄姆·肖为1909年伦敦版绘制的插图，配文为“水手面红耳赤，猛然起身，紧握短棍”。

在致友人约瑟夫·斯诺德格拉斯（Joseph Snodgrass）的信中，爱伦·坡如此评价《莫尔格街凶杀案》：“其核心在于展现侦破命案的智谋运用”。杜邦并非职业侦探，他调查莫格街血案纯粹出于个人志趣，既怀着追寻真相的渴望，亦欲洗刷无辜者的冤屈。他对金钱毫不在意，甚至拒绝接受猩猩主人提供的酬金。当真正凶手（猩猩）被揭露时，罪责本身也随之消解——毕竟动物与其主人都无法被追责。爱伦·坡研究专家亚瑟·霍布森·奎因推测，若换作后世侦探小说，被捕的勒邦先生很可能会被塑造成看似有罪的干扰线索，但爱伦·坡刻意回避了这种手法。

爱伦·坡创作《莫尔格街凶杀案》时，正值因城市发展导致犯罪问题备受关注的时期。伦敦当时刚成立首个职业警察部队，美国城市也开始注重科学警务工作，报纸则持续报道凶杀案与刑事审判。《莫尔格街凶杀案》延续了爱伦·坡小说中多次出现的都市主题，尤其是《人群中的人》，其灵感可能源自爱伦·坡在费城的生活经历。

这个故事暗含脑力与体力对抗的隐喻。体力（以猩猩及其主人为象征）代表暴力：猩猩是凶手，而其主人承认自己曾用鞭子虐待这只动物，而侦探的智慧战胜了他们的暴力。该故事也包含了爱伦·坡常用的主题——美丽女性的死亡，他称此为“世上最富诗意的主题”。  

杜邦的手法

爱伦·坡以牌手为例定义杜邦的推理方法——逻辑推演：“所获信息的多寡，与其说在于推理的有效性，不如说在于观察的质量”。随后，坡通过叙述实例说明杜邦如何知晓叙述者当时正想着演员尚蒂利（Chantilly）。杜邦最终将这一手法用于侦破此案。

杜邦的推理手法强调阅读以及书面文字的重要性。新闻报道引起了他的兴趣，他从法国动物学家乔治·居维叶的著作中获取猩猩相关知识。这种方法也让读者通过自行阅读线索参与破案。爱伦·坡同时突出口头语言的力量：当杜邦向水手询问凶杀案信息时，水手的反应如同濒死之人——“水手面红耳赤，仿佛正与窒息感搏斗......旋即跌坐回椅中，浑身剧颤，面容犹如死尸”。

文学意义与评价

奥伯利·比亚兹莱为《莫尔格街凶杀案》所作的插图，1895年

爱伦·坡传记作者杰弗里·迈耶斯（Jeffrey Meyers）如此总结《莫尔格街凶杀案》的意义：它“改变了世界文学史”。这部常被视为首部侦探小说的作品，其主角杜宾成为后世众多虚构侦探的原型，包括阿瑟·柯南·道尔的夏洛克·福尔摩斯和阿加莎·克里斯蒂的赫尔克里·波洛。侦探小说区别于一般悬疑故事，更侧重于分析。爱伦·坡创侦探小说的贡献，也在美国侦探作家协会每年颁发的埃德加奖中得到了体现。

《莫格街凶杀案》还确立了许多后来成为推理小说常见元素的叙事模式：古怪却天才的侦探、笨拙无能的警方、由亲密友人担任的第一人称叙述者。爱伦·坡还以冷漠笔触刻画警察形象，以此反衬侦探的智慧。爱伦·坡首创了“侦探先公布真相，后回溯推理过程”的叙事模式。这也是侦探小说史上首例“密室谜案”。但不同于后世众多同类作品，爱伦·坡的这篇小说未给读者提供合理推导真相的机会——毕竟鲜有读者会将猩猩列入嫌疑人名单。

《莫尔格街凶杀案》问世时，其开创性的新颖特质及作者本人均获盛赞。《宾夕法尼亚问询报》（The Pennsylvania Inquirer）称“这部作品证明爱伦·坡先生是位天才……其创造力与技巧无与伦比”。然而，爱伦·坡在致菲利普·彭德尔顿·库克的信中刻意淡化了这一成就：

创作启发

爱伦·坡创作《莫格街凶杀案》时，“侦探”（detective）一词尚未出现，不过其他故事中也有类似的善于解决问题的人物。E·T·A·霍夫曼创作的《斯居戴里小姐》

（1819年）中，主角斯居戴里小姐（堪称19世纪的马普尔小姐）通过推理为珠宝商谋杀案中警方认定的嫌疑人洗冤，这部作品有时也被视为侦探小说的开山之作。其他先驱包括伏尔泰的《查第格》

（1748年），其主角展现了类似的分析能力，而这些情节元素又借鉴自意大利改编版《塞伦迪普的三个王子》

，该故事源自阿米尔·库斯洛的《八重天堂》（Hasht-Bihisht）。

爱伦·坡也可能一直在扩展他自己早期的分析性着作，包括关于《梅尔策尔的棋手》

的论文以及喜剧《一周三个星期天》（Three Sundays in a Week）。至于情节的反转，爱伦·坡很可能受到1839年7月费城共济会大厅展出猩猩时观众反应的启发。他或许通过与托马斯·怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt）合作获得了生物学相关的知识，并将“叙事与演化主题结合，尤其是居维叶的研究”，可能还受到蒙博多勋爵研究的启发，不过有观点认为坡的信息“文学性多于科学性”。

爱伦·坡笔下主角的名字可能源自1828年《伯顿绅士杂志》连载的系列故事《法国警察总监维多克秘事录》（Unpublished passages in the Life of Vidocq, the French Minister of Police）中名为“杜邦”（Dupin）的角色。坡很可能知晓这个讲述分析型人物破解谋杀案的故事，尽管两者情节几无相似，但两篇小说的谋杀受害者皆被割断脖颈至头颅几近离体。杜邦在文中直接提及维多克，却贬其为“擅于臆测之徒”。

T12

因《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX》再度受关注，45 年前小说版《机动战士高达》中令人惊叹的情节是怎样的？

《机动战士高达》系列最新作《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX》确定播出，剧场先行版《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX -Beginning-》也已上映，无论是高达粉丝还是非粉丝群体，都沉浸在兴奋之中。这是因为它带来了与 2022 年登场的全新作品《机动战士高达 水星的魔女》截然不同的惊喜，由此，系列创作者富野由悠季导演创作的小说版《机动战士高达》受到了热烈关注。原因究竟是什么呢？

与电视动画情节不同的小说版《机动战士高达》

1979 年 11 月至 1981 年 3 月，《机动战士高达》小说版由 Sonorama 文库分 3 卷出版发行。在当时，网络尚未出现，人们了解动画信息大多只能通过杂志，这部小说便成为深入了解作品的重要资料。1979 年 4 月至 1980 年 1 月播出的电视动画人气逐渐高涨，很多人为了确认剧情或重温故事，纷纷入手这部小说。

小说第 1 卷的封面绘制着形象俊美、声音迷人，且广受好评的夏亚・阿兹纳布尔，它还兼具周边的功能。与负责《高达》角色设计的安彦良和绘制封面与插画的高千穗遥《Crusher Joe》系列一样，该小说成为了 Sonorama 文库的招牌作品。

想必很多电视动画粉丝在阅读小说第 1 卷时都会不禁感到疑惑。以下内容引用自角川 Sneaker 文库再版的小说，开篇便出现了 “阿姆罗・雷少尉、西亚安・克兰克少尉、滨谷・林少尉三人驾驶的核心战斗机出击” 这样的描写，在此之前还能看到龙・何塞少尉、凯・西汀少尉等名字。

阿姆罗、凯和滨谷从一开始就是军人。在电视动画中，Side 7 遭到夏亚・阿兹纳布尔部队的袭击，混乱之际，滨谷和凯逃进了入港的白色基地，阿姆罗则偶然登上了能开动的高达，并一同搭乘上白色基地。随后，阿姆罗作为最擅长驾驶高达的驾驶员大显身手，觉醒为新人类，立下赫赫战功，一路将吉翁逼至投降。

一个毫无经验的少年突然操控最先进的机甲，决定宇宙规模战争的走向，这样的情节很能满足人们对英雄故事的喜爱，但从现实角度来看却有些难以令人信服。或许让阿姆罗一开始就是军人，能使他登上高达的情节更具说服力，提升故事的真实感。

逃离夏亚的袭击并离开 Side 7 后，小说版的故事走向也与电视动画不同。他们搭乘的并非白色基地，而是 “飞马号”，并且没有躲避夏亚的追击前往地球，而是留在宇宙继续战斗。之后，他们击退了卡尔马・扎比的攻击，使其战死，紧接着便迎来了阿姆罗与拉拉・辛的相遇。在电视动画中，这本是接近尾声才会出现的情节，在小说版第 1 卷就出现了。

在 1979 年 11 月小说版第 1 卷发行时，电视动画中拉拉才刚刚登场，之后她在阿姆罗的觉醒过程中发挥了重要作用。这样一个在《机动战士高达》系列中占据核心地位的角色，在小说版里却似乎只是个过客，着实令人意外。

此外，从小说第 2 卷开始，同样是新人类的女性驾驶员库丝可・阿露登场，她与阿姆罗的关系比拉拉更为紧密。这算是更换女主角了吗？虽说可以这么认为，但阿姆罗同时还与 “金发小姐” 塞拉・玛斯建立了深厚的关系。这无疑刺激到了那些因电视动画《机动战士高达》而产生兴趣的中学生们。

富野导演的作品向来如此，即便作品受众包括儿童，也绝不会省去男女之间可能发生的情节。庵野秀明在同人志《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚 友之会》中采访富野导演时也指出：“能让人联想到性的，只有富野先生的动画！” 小说版中不仅有联想，还隐隐暗示了一些直接行为，让人不禁为之兴奋。

《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX Beginning》自上映以来，凭借入场特典、特别影像放映等话题，即便已过去近一个月，热度依旧不减。这部备受关注的作品，其参考来源很可能是富野由悠季创作的小说版《机动战士高达》。这部小说不仅影响了《GQuuuuuuX Beginning》的前半部分，还极有可能对正片产生影响。

小说版《机动战士高达》于 1979 年至 1981 年由朝日 Sonorama 出版，之后经过修订的角川 Sneaker 文库版（全 3 卷）问世，如今相对容易买到。作者是曾担任《机动战士高达》导演的富野由悠季（出版时署名 “富野喜幸”）。

这部小说版因内容与动画截然不同而闻名。故事和结局几乎完全不同，比如主人公阿姆罗・雷从一开始就是军人，拉拉很早就退场，动画正片中未出现的角色库斯科・阿尔作为重要人物登场，以及阿姆罗在故事后期战死等，差异之处数不胜数。虽然标题和登场人物名字与动画相同，但更准确地说，这是富野由悠季引用这些元素重新构建的科幻小说。

实际上，这部小说版在写作方面并不出色。动画版前半部分讲述 “从 Side 7 拼命逃脱的难民船状态的白色基地，一边摆脱敌人追击，一边将高达送到地球”，后半部分是 “逐渐觉醒的阿姆罗和白色基地的船员们，再次挑战在宇宙中与吉翁的战斗”，整个故事张弛有度。而小说版全篇都在描绘宇宙战斗，第 1 卷前半部分，在月球二号放下平民（包括芙劳・鲍）后，飞马号（相当于动画版白色基地的机动战士母舰）的船员就作为正规部队被编入联邦军，主要作为小规模的佯攻部队辗转作战。与动画版 “宇宙→地球”“地球→宇宙” 的起伏节奏相比，小说版在相似场景反复进行类似战斗，情节展开显得平淡。

此外，登场人物的台词和旁白都充斥着大量解释，而且这些解释非常抽象。角色动不动就开始冗长的议论性对话，旁白也会突然对角色心情进行说明，还会突然插入奇怪的拟声词，读起来十分费劲，让人疲惫。在这些与故事无关的内容中，有很多明显能看出是富野导演本人的观点。或许富野导演脑海中能清晰地看到故事结局和场景画面，但却给读者一种被忽视的感觉。我之前读的时候，差点在第 1 卷就放弃了。

不过，小说版《高达》并非毫无魅力。阅读这部小说，能让人感受到如今因续作和设定不断叠加而难以看清原貌的《机动战士高达》最初的样子。毕竟在创作这部小说时，没人能想到高达会成为一个持续 45 年以上的系列作品。正因如此，它才能作为与电视版平行的故事，写出阿姆罗战死这样的情节。

也就是说，小说版《高达》蕴含着如今难以想象的 “没有续作概念时的高达形象”“富野导演抛开续作和大规模商业考量而构思的故事”。角川 Sneaker 文库版的后记中写道：“在出版新版本时，曾想修改阿姆罗战死的结局，使其能与后续作品衔接，但怎么都做不到，只能厚着脸皮出版接近原版的内容。” 正是因为没有修改，“原初高达” 的面貌才得以完整保留。

那么，“原初高达” 究竟是什么呢？简单来说，“在富野导演心中，高达是关于新人类（New Type）的故事”。动画版《机动战士高达》的特点是有魅力十足的军人配角，以及各式各样的机甲，展现出逼真的战场剧情。但在小说版中，这些元素大多被舍弃，转而聚焦于人类在宇宙中如何生存、会发生怎样的变化，以及人类即便发生变化却只能被当作战争工具，这样的存在是多么悲哀等问题，是一部剔除了其他元素的纯粹小说。

关于 “新人类是什么” 这一点，小说中有较为明确的定义。在第 3 卷中，人类的第一次文艺复兴被定义为 “从猿到人的变革”，第二次文艺复兴是 “从封建时代进入中世纪文明的人类”，而第三次文艺复兴则设想出现 “获得宇宙的新人”。书中对 “新人” 的描述是 “能将更广阔的时空纳入同一认知范围，从而对每一件事物都具备更深刻的洞察力和更温柔态度的人”，这可以说是小说版《高达》中觉醒的新人类的定义。这一定义能看出受到了《2001 太空漫游》的影响。

关于觉醒，第 3 卷中还写道：“当每个人沉睡的大脑细胞被唤醒时，人就会发生改变。” 从这里能看出，当时富野导演认为：“人类向广阔宇宙进发时，与在地球的认知范围相比，需要凭借某种感觉去认识更广阔的范围。实现这一点的通常是功能大半处于沉睡状态的大脑，当大脑开始运作，就会出现能够认识更广阔时空、洞察和感知事物的人类。”

小说版《高达》对新人类的存在进行了深入思考，而且作品中的所有设定都是为了描绘新人类之间的相遇和战斗。比如米诺夫斯基粒子 “使雷达失效” 的设定，让巨大机器人之间的近身战斗得以成立。小说版沿用了这一设定，将其作为故事的切入点 ——“由于只能目视寻找敌人，大脑感知视线外敌人的功能被唤醒。以阿姆罗为首的新人类在战斗中不断磨练这种能力，并相互产生感应”。这个让真实系机器人动画得以成立的设定，在小说版中成为了新人类出现的条件。

《高达 ACE》小说版《机动战士高达》特辑引关注，重印亦成热点，受《GQuuuuuuX》启发，美树本晴彦绘制封面

《月刊高达 ACE》5 月号

3 月 26 日，漫画杂志《月刊高达 ACE》（角川书店）5 月号正式发售。该期杂志以富野由悠季创作的小说版《机动战士高达》为主题进行特辑报道。据悉，以《高达》系列最新作《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX（ジークアクス）》的剧场先行版《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX -Beginning-》为契机，小说版《机动战士高达》成为热门话题，此次迎来重印，故而杂志决定制作相关特辑。 【写真特集】震撼！夏亚的惊艳造型，还有夏莉娅・布尔、红色高达，《GQuuuuuuX》热门视觉图大公开

本期杂志特别刊载了小说版第 3 卷中阿・巴瓦・库战役的内容，封面插画由美树本晴彦全新绘制。

此外，同样因复刊引发关注的游戏书《机动战士高达 0079 灼热的追击》体验版也在杂志中刊载，附录为该作品的插画海报。

＜解说＞重版引发热议的小说版《高达》，再度受关注的原因，也受《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》影响

人气动漫《高达》系列第一部作品《机动战士高达（初代高达）》的小说版重版发行，引发了热议。该小说由导演富野由悠季在电视动画播出时亲自创作，第 1 卷于 1979 年由 Sonorama 文库（朝日 Sonorama）出版。这部约 46 年前出版的小说再次受到关注，很大程度上似乎是受系列最新作品《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》的影响。【图片】重版引发热议的小说版《高达》是怎样的？结局不同！？还有美树本晴彦的新绘作品

“绿大叔” 的人气是原因之一

小说版最初只计划出版第 1 卷，但在初代高达掀起热潮的背景下，最终构成了全 3 卷。1987 年，角川 Sneaker 文库（KADOKAWA）版发行。由于其剧情展开与电视动画及 3 部剧场版不同，也被称为 “另一个初代高达”。

在电视动画系列播出之前，《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》部分集数重新编排的剧场先行版《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX -Beginning-》于 1 月 17 日开始上映。剧场先行版在保留 “剧透” 的情况下公开，上映后大家得知这是以宇宙世纪为舞台的作品，在 1979 - 1980 年播出的初代高达中为人熟知的 “红色彗星” 夏亚・阿兹纳布尔、夏莉娅・布尔等人都有登场，从而引发了话题。

其中，夏莉娅・布尔在社交平台上被称为 “绿大叔” 等，人气颇高。夏莉娅・布尔是在初代高达电视动画第 39 话《新人类，夏莉娅・布尔》中仅登场 1 话的角色，在 3 部剧场版中并未出现。小说版描绘了他不同于动画的活跃表现，这或许也是他再次受到关注的原因。“绿大叔” 的人气，大概也是小说重版的契机之一。

与动画不同的意外剧情展开

小说版的设定与动画不同。例如，主人公阿姆罗・雷在动画中的设定是平民，而在小说版中则作为驾驶员候补生，也就是以军人的身份登场。小说里还描绘了阿姆罗和塞拉・玛斯的恋爱故事，以及夏亚不同于动画的活跃表现，对于只看过动画的人来说，其中有些情节展开十分令人惊讶。由于涉及剧透，这里就不详细说明了，但阿姆罗的结局也与动画大相径庭。

小说版《初代高达》也是富野导演的首部小说作品。他还创作了《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚 贝托蒂嘉的子嗣》《机动战士高达 闪光的哈萨维》《机动战士 V 高达》等小说，这些作品的情节展开也都与动画不同。据说，以《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》为契机，此前从未看过《初代高达》的年轻人开始观看其电视动画系列和 3 部剧场版。希望大家也能重新关注 “小说家富野由悠季”。

塞拉失禁，与阿姆罗发生肉体关系……《高达》小说版中所描绘的 “人性的复杂” 精髓

。

由富野由悠季监督亲自执笔的小说版《高达》，有着与 TV 动画截然不同的故事展开。让我们一同走进这部充满了如塞拉与阿姆罗的亲密场景等 TV 动画无法呈现的、鲜活现实的 “另一个高达” 世界。

为何与 TV 版差异如此之大？

富野由悠季监督所创作的 “高达” 系列，至今仍不断有新故事诞生。该系列不仅有动画作品，也有小说版本，其中还有富野监督亲自撰写的作品。

1979 年，在 TV 动画播出的同一年发行的小说版《机动战士高达》，是一部由全 3 卷构成的长篇小说。其内容并非 TV 动画的原作，与动画故事也没有直接关联。确切地说，它穿插了许多小说原创情节，是一个全新的故事。比如，当前正在播出且备受关注的《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX（ジークアクス ）》中的重要角色 “夏利亚・布尔”，在小说版中的出场次数比 TV 动画版更多。

此外，小说中描绘了主人公 “阿姆罗・雷” 与女主角之一 “塞拉・玛斯” 的床戏场景，并且以阿姆罗死亡作为结局，充满了冲击读者的要素。

那么，为什么同样是出自 TV 动画监督之手，小说内容却与动画差异如此之大呢？

小说版更直观地展现战场的残酷

与 TV 动画版相比，小说版《机动战士高达》整体上有更多血腥的描写。“高达” 系列本就是以描绘战争为主题，出现血腥描写也在情理之中。不过，考虑到 TV 动画面向包括儿童在内的观众，并且当时并非深夜档而是傍晚时段播出，所以必须要遵循放送规则，因此直接的残酷画面相比现在的 TV 动画来说较为克制。

而小说版则没有这些限制，其中的描写更加直白。小说中生动地展现了人们在战争中的牺牲。例如，下面这段对烧焦尸体的强烈描写就极具冲击力：

“原本以为是烧焦木头的物体表面脱落了。下面露出了肉色。那是三文鱼般的粉色，有着微微凸起毛细血管的、美丽而嫩滑的肉色。阿姆罗的脚蹭掉了烧焦尸体背上的皮。他一边想着为什么在漆黑碳化的皮肤下会有如此美丽的颜色，一边感到一阵强烈的呕吐感，好不容易忍住才继续奔跑。”（第 1 卷，P50）

这段文字生动地传达出了战场的恐怖。类似这样的描写在小说版中随处可见，可以说，小说版比 TV 动画版更深入地刻画了战场的真实面貌。

从这一点来看，能强烈感受到小说版想要严厉批判战争这种愚蠢人类行为的意图。在这样的背景下，人类进化方向 “新人类” 的重要性更加凸显。通过加入战争中这些残酷的描写，让人更加深刻地认识到人类为何必须要进一步进化，增强了作品的说服力。

性描写中所蕴含的人性的不变之处

《机动战士高达 I》 著：富野由悠季／插画：美树本晴彦（KADOKAWA）

在这些生动的描写之中，对阿姆罗和塞拉的性描写也是本作的一大特色。在战场上，女性往往处于被粗暴对待的境地。军队是男性主导的社会，作品中也出现了一些带有轻蔑意味的台词，似乎在印证这一点。

“驾驶高达、钢加农的时候啊，操作比核心战斗机还要精细。比抱女人的时候还要精细……！哼！在这次的战斗中人员不断减少，对于我们这些根本没抱过女人的家伙来说，除了打败吉翁、占有吉翁的女人，已经没有别的路可走了！把这些都给我牢牢记住！”（第 1 卷，P23）

这是阿姆罗他们的上司拉尔夫中尉说的话，这番话仿佛在表明，战争胜利的一方拥有随意占有女性的权利。而塞拉以及 “米莱・八洲” 等女性角色，正是在有这种歧视女性言论的环境中工作。这大概就是充满性暴力的战场现实。

然而，为了避免这类错误，军队也有严格的纪律。实际上，小说中暗示军队内部的男女之间发生性接触属于违反纪律，但有趣的是，书中也描绘了在实际执行过程中存在的 “真心话与表面原则”。

“阿姆罗的私人房间里有金发女子（笔者注：指塞拉），这是违反军规的。不过，作为日常惯例，通常不会因此受罚。如今军队中有 30% 的女性军人，只要遵守最低限度的规范，同宿是被允许的。不能在实践过程中进行，就寝和起床时要在指定的床上，必须是私人房间，不能是预备役。只要遵守以上五条规定，就不会受到处罚。所以在有些宿舍，就寝时间过后人员可以自由进出。”（第 2 卷，P140）

军人也是有血有肉的人，虽然军队纪律很重要，但在实际执行时似乎也采取了符合现实的灵活方式。

阿姆罗在书中也被描绘成一个有着性冲动的普通少年。他虽是新人类，但并没有丰富的此类经验，并且也清楚自己还是个 “青涩的 15 岁少年”。这个性场景的描写，可以说是在展现阿姆罗试图表现成熟的一面。

另一方面，塞拉在这个场景中，是在向阿姆罗倾诉了自己对哥哥夏亚的感情之后发生的，感觉她像是为了填补对哥哥无法释怀的情感空缺，才接受了阿姆罗的邀约。从某种意义上来说，阿姆罗可以算是哥哥的替身或者替代品吧。

这种事情在男女之间或许很常见。但考虑到本作描绘了新人类这种高等存在，以及人类向宇宙进发的未来，这些描写的重要性就凸显出来了。它强调了无论人类进化到何种程度，人类的行为模式和内心纠葛都不会改变。

而且，通过这个场景，也突出了阿姆罗作为少年的那种幼稚的一面。以下描写展现了阿姆罗与塞拉共度一夜后的心情：

“这种男女之间模糊不清的关系可不行…… 塞拉真正的想法，大概只是希望哥哥能将感情倾注在自己身上。要想让她忘却这份感情，并不需要成为新人类，只要是能吸引塞拉的男人就行。然而，此时的阿姆罗还没有那样的判断力。< 中略> 而且，自己也不够成熟。我还称不上是个男人，还是个内心软弱的少年。”（第 2 卷，P150）

通过这样的描写，我们能看到一个渴望长大却还不够成熟的阿姆罗。可以说，相比 TV 动画版，小说版把他描绘得更加贴近真实的人。

顺便一提，小说版中还有这样的描写：阿姆罗最后战死，那时塞拉失禁了。至于为什么会有这样的描写，并不明确，也许是想要描绘人在被烧死会化为焦炭、进食就会排泄这种最普通不过的状态。但或许也有必要思考一下，将这样的描写寄托在女性角色身上是否合适。

尽管有这样的场景，但总体而言，在真实描绘人类行为这一点上，小说版比 TV 动画版更写实。可以说，相比 TV 动画版，小说版的故事更具人性。

在第 1 卷后记中，大德哲雄的话很是恰当：

“我认为，《机动战士高达》最大的魅力，果然还是这部作品的‘人情味’。曾经有过像这样，与我们处于同一维度，往好了说是充满了人的温度，往直白了说就是满是人性复杂的作品吗？”（P290，第 1 卷）

这段话用来形容小说版《机动战士高达》再合适不过。这部小说将人性复杂的一面展现得淋漓尽致，而非停留在抽象的概念上，打造出了与 TV 动画截然不同的魅力。虽然结局和情节展开都与 TV 动画版不同，但却有着作为另一个故事的独特魅力。

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塞拉的“下体毛”被当做护身符…《高达》小说版引发“对中学生来说刺激太强”的声音

在《机动战士高达》的小说版中，塞拉·玛斯（Sayla Mass）这一角色的某些描写引发了粉丝的广泛讨论。尤其是小说中提到的一个细节——塞拉的“下体毛”被用作护身符的情节，让许多读者感到震惊。这一描写出现在《机动战士高达 III》中，由原作者富野由悠季亲自撰写，相比动画版，小说版加入了更多大胆且富有争议性的内容。

对于当时的年轻读者，尤其是中学生来说，这种描写显得过于直白且具有冲击力。一位读者在社交媒体上表示：“我在初中时读到这一段，感觉完全无法接受，太刺激了！”类似的声音在网络上屡见不鲜，许多粉丝回顾这段内容时，纷纷表示虽然高达系列以其深刻的战争主题和人性探讨著称，但小说版的某些细节确实超出了他们的预期。

小说版《机动战士高达》与动画版相比，不仅在剧情上更加细致，还增加了一些动画中未曾出现的背景故事和角色内心描写。例如，塞拉作为故事中的关键女性角色之一，她的个人经历和情感纠葛在小说中被进一步挖掘。然而，“下体毛护身符”这一情节却成为了讨论的焦点，许多人认为这一描写过于离奇，甚至有些违和。

尽管如此，小说版的独特风格也吸引了一部分忠实粉丝。他们认为，富野由悠季通过这些大胆的描写，试图展现战争中人性复杂的一面，以及角色在极端环境下的心理状态。一些评论家指出，这种争议性的内容正是小说版试图突破动画框架、探索更深层次主题的体现。

此外，小说版的插画由美树本晴彦绘制，其细腻的画风为故事增添了额外的魅力。然而，插画中并未直接呈现这些争议性描写，更多聚焦于角色的情感表达和战斗场景的视觉化。

对于现代读者来说，这部出版于几十年前的小说依然具有讨论价值。一些粉丝认为，这些“刺激”的描写虽然在当时显得前卫，但如今看来或许是作者对人性与战争的另类表达。也有读者表示，这种内容在今天可能难以被主流接受，尤其是在面向年轻观众的媒体中。

总结：

《机动战士高达》小说版以其大胆的描写和深刻的主题引发了争议，尤其是塞拉·玛斯的“下体毛护身符”情节，让不少读者感到震惊。尽管如此，这部作品依然是高达系列的重要组成部分，展现了富野由悠季在创作上的独特视角。对于现代读者，这部小说既是经典的回顾，也是一个值得探讨的文化现象。

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阿姆罗在一年战争结束前战死 小说版《高达》中不同于正史的命运

鲜为人知的小说版阿姆罗的设定

在《机动战士高达》主人公 “阿姆罗・雷” 的轶事里，有时会谈到与动画版不同的小说版中的命运。下面让我们结合动画版和小说版的差异，来回顾一下这个鲜为人知的小说版中的阿姆罗吧。

这里所说的 “小说版”，是指《高达》在电视播出期间，作为朝日索诺拉玛社的标签 “索诺拉玛文库” 的系列作品之一发行的版本。第 1 卷的发行日期是 1979 年 11 月 30 日。现在则是由 “角川 Sneaker 文库” 发售。

撰写这部小说的是《高达》的总导演富野喜幸（现：富野由悠季）先生。后来富野先生曾表示 “想要创作一个不被赞助商左右的独立世界”。从这一点来看，小说版或许可以说是富野先生所意图打造的原本的高达世界。

小说版中登场的阿姆罗，从登场时就与动画版有很大的不同。在动画版中他是 15 岁（一说 16 岁）的平民，而在小说版中则是 19 岁的飞行员候补生，阶级是曹长。并且故事是从阿姆罗进行核心战斗机的训练开始的。

顺便一提，母舰是白色基地级一号舰 “飞马” 号。而在动画版中是白色基地号的飞马级，可以说完全相反。既有像这样只是名称的变更点，也有像阿姆罗这样设定大幅改变的角色。

阿姆罗的设定变更对故事产生了不小的影响。因为在动画版中，作为平民的阿姆罗通过战斗不断成长的情节是故事的主线之一，而在小说版中这部分被省略了，故事变得更加简单。

或许正因如此，故事的节奏也更快，小说版中没有降落到地球，舞台仅设定在宇宙。具体来说，在 Side 7 的战斗中，阿姆罗驾驶 “高达” 击退了 “扎古”，之后搭载着难民逃脱，这部分的情节发展是相同的。

之后前往月神二号，期间受到 “夏亚・阿兹纳布尔” 的干扰，与 “吉翁公国军” 的宇宙据点 “加利福尼亚基地” 由 “卡尔玛・扎比” 率领的加乌部队展开战斗。这些全部都是发生在宇宙中的事件。

在这场战斗中卡尔玛战死，“飞马” 号到达了月神二号。在月神二号放下难民后的 “飞马” 号，受到 “雷比尔将军” 对其此前功绩的称赞，正式作为第十三独立部队前往 “德克萨斯殖民地”。此时，船员们也同时得到晋升，阿姆罗成为了少尉。

在德克萨斯，阿姆罗与夏亚的扎古以及 “拉拉・辛” 的 “艾尔美斯” 交战。阿姆罗在这里第一次与拉拉相遇，尽管产生了感应，但还是击坠了 “艾尔美斯”。然而，在这场战斗中高达严重受损，阿姆罗乘坐核心战斗机逃脱。

最后以 “宇宙世纪 0080 年，战争仍未结束……” 这样一句话，第 1 卷的故事落下帷幕。

2024 年目前发售的角川 Sneaker 文库版第 3 卷封面。《机动战士高达 III》 著：富野由悠季／插画：美树本晴彦（角川书店）

阿姆罗被击坠的合理原因

随后发行的小说版第 2 卷《机动战士高达 II》中，故事从 “地球联邦军” 攻陷月球上的吉翁军据点 “格拉纳达”，“基西莉亚・扎比” 撤退开始。

那时乘坐核心战斗机逃脱的阿姆罗被 Side 6 的民用船只救助，与 “飞马” 号的伙伴们重逢。并且作为之前战斗中被击毁的 “飞马” 号和高达的替代，接收了白色基地级二号舰（在后续记述中是三号舰）“飞马 J（朱尼厄斯）” 号以及高达 3 号机 “G3”，新成立了 “第百二十七独立战队”。

另一方面，夏亚也作为基西莉亚准备的新人类部队指挥官，接收了新型 MS（机动战士）“里克・德姆”，麾下有了 “夏里亚・布尔” 和 “库斯科・阿尔” 等新人类成员。

库斯科・阿尔与阿姆罗的战斗成为了第 2 卷故事的核心。同时还设计了阿姆罗与夏亚的妹妹 “塞拉・玛斯” 产生情感纠葛的成人向剧情发展。

作为完结篇的小说版第 3 卷《机动战士高达 III》有着波澜壮阔的剧情发展。雷比尔将军率领舰队向吉翁的宇宙要塞 “阿・巴瓦・库” 进发。在其背后，位于宇宙要塞 “所罗门” 的 “多兹鲁・扎比” 紧追不舍。“飞马 J” 号与多兹鲁的舰队交战，阿姆罗击坠了多兹鲁的 “大扎姆”。

在这之后的简报会上，“飞马 J” 号的船员们认为，为了结束战争，应该讨伐 “基连・扎比”。阿姆罗也认为如果有夏亚的协助就好了。

另一方面，夏亚也得知基连打算利用 “所罗门镭射” 连同联邦军舰队一起消灭基西莉亚。此时夏亚也考虑是否能与阿姆罗合作打倒基连。偶然的是，阿姆罗和夏亚的想法一致。

为了向阿姆罗传达信息，夏里亚驾驶 “布拉乌・布鲁” 号出击。因为 “布拉乌・布鲁” 号的 “零・精神感应系统” 更容易向对方传达意志。然而，随着 “所罗门镭射” 的第一次发射，情况发生了变化。这一击导致数万人濒死，他们的痛苦给新人类带来了巨大的压力。

结果，阿姆罗虽然听着夏里亚的劝说，但还是在混乱中击坠了 “布拉乌・布鲁” 号。然而，就在那时夏里亚的意识直接传递过来，阿姆罗终于理解了。尽管眼睁睁看着 “小林隼人” 的 “钢加农” 被击坠，阿姆罗还是呼吁与夏亚停战。

就在这时，没有察觉到阿姆罗行动变化的夏亚部下 “勒鲁瓦・吉列姆” 击坠了 “G3”。消散的阿姆罗的意志扩散到伙伴们心中，“飞马 J” 号与夏亚达成了同盟。

另一方面，勒鲁瓦喃喃自语道 “我…… 做了无法挽回的事……”，满是后悔。这和曾经的阿姆罗如出一辙。结果夏亚的政变成功，小说版在战争结束时落下了帷幕。

阿姆罗本可以与拉拉、库斯科、夏里亚这样的新人类相互理解，却将他们击坠，从他生命最后这与自己曾经所作所为相同的部分，让人不得不感受到这或许就是阿姆罗的 “业” 吧。

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《机动战士高达》小说版对儿童而言可能为时尚早：阿姆罗之死让富野导演也深感后悔…？

未与续作衔接的最终决战走向

1979 年 4 月开始 TV 播出的《机动战士高达》，其实存在富野由悠季导演（当时名为富野喜幸）创作的小说（小说化）版本。该版本于 1979 年至 1981 年由朝日 Sonorama 出版，其故事并非单纯照搬动画，称其为以《高达》为题材的另一部作品也不为过。其中最大的差异在于主人公阿姆罗・雷的结局。

动画版中，以宇宙要塞阿・巴瓦・库为舞台展开地球联邦军与吉恩公国军的最终决战，阿姆罗在与宿敌夏亚・阿兹纳布尔的单挑中幸存，挺过了一年战争；而小说版中，阿姆罗遭受夏亚部下的攻击战死。

值得注意的是，在富野导演的其他小说版作品，如《机动战士 Z 高达》（1985 年、1986 年，讲谈社出版）、《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚 贝托蒂嘉的子嗣》（1988 年，角川 Sneaker 文库出版）中，阿姆罗均存活登场，这与小说版《机动战士高达》的内容缺乏连贯性。

对于同一小说版却出现后续作品无法衔接的情况，富野导演在之后再版的角川文库（现角川 Sneaker 文库）版第三卷后记中坦言 “深感愧疚”。

叙事舞台的取舍与角色命运的改写

小说版故事仅在宇宙展开，删减了动画版中以地球为舞台的情节。

即便如此，动画版第 6 话《加尔玛出击》至第 10 话《加尔玛陨落》中登场的重要人物、夏亚的同学加尔玛・扎比，在小说版中仍有戏份。不过，他的结局与动画版不同：并非被夏亚逼入绝境而死，而是对阿姆罗等人乘坐的宇宙战舰 “佩加索斯”（动画版为 “白色基地”）发动无谋特攻时反遭歼灭，夏亚则处于试图阻止他突击的立场。

此外，动画版中与阿姆罗有直接交集、虽为吉恩军士官却令人信服的成年人兰巴・拉尔，在小说版中直至故事结束都与阿姆罗未曾谋面。

阿姆罗的情感线：小说版的大胆展开

小说版中最令人惊讶的是，夏亚的妹妹塞拉・玛斯与阿姆罗发展为恋人关系。阿姆罗此前就将塞拉称作 “金发小姐”，在互动中两人关系逐渐亲密。

除了与塞拉的感情线，小说版还刻画了阿姆罗与吉恩军女性驾驶员库斯科・阿尔有发展关系的可能，展现出阿姆罗旺盛的生命力。相比之下，动画版中的阿姆罗虽对女性有过心动，却并未与任何人确立关系。这或许与动画版阿姆罗设定为 15 岁、小说版为 19 岁有关。

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《高达》中的“拉拉·辛”究竟是什么人？小说版的“隐秘过去”（1/2页）

对儿童而言略显复杂的 “拉拉” 形象

在动画正片中充满谜团的少女拉拉，是连接《高达》系列中 “阿姆罗・雷” 与 “夏亚・阿兹纳布尔” 的新人类少女。然而关于她的出身和背景，动画正片中提及甚少。

1979 年 TV 动画版《机动战士高达》官网对拉拉的简介仅为 “被夏亚捡到的孤儿，在弗拉纳甘机构长大的新人类少女”，她的出生地、被夏亚捡到的时间等过去经历完全未知。

在与动画并行创作的首部小说版《机动战士高达》（著：富野由悠季 / KADOKAWA）中，拉拉被设定为出身于通称 “鲁姆” 的 “Side 5” 某宇宙殖民地。一年战争初期，她在 Side 5 的战火中失去双亲，好不容易逃到 Side 6 时与夏亚相遇，后被托付给 “弗拉纳甘机构”。

而在基于动画版展开的 1997 年小说《密会 阿姆罗与拉拉》（著：富野由悠季 / KADOKAWA）中，拉拉的身份与小说版《高达》不同：

拉拉从记事起就在印度城市 “德里” 的孤儿院生活，9 岁时被娼馆 “卡巴斯” 收养，养父以印度古典《爱经》为教材，向她灌输性与爱的知识。17 岁时她迎来首位客人，之后每月与数名被称为 “恋人” 的男性客人交往。

因未能保护扎比家幺子 “加尔玛・扎比” 而被军队驱逐、一度流浪地球的夏亚，在接到任务前往印度时造访卡巴斯，成为拉拉的客人，并邀请她前往宇宙。拉拉虽拒绝了邀请，但对当下的生活并不认同，伺机从卡巴斯逃走。逃亡时被卡巴斯雇佣的男子包围，夏亚现身向追兵交付金块，以赎身的形式救下拉拉。

无论是突遭变故的小说版《高达》中的生活，还是《密会》中虽衣食无忧却以身体谋生的日子，拉拉的人生都远超普通生活的残酷。

在动画中拉拉首次登场于故事接近尾声时。在宇宙殖民地 “Side 6” 休假的阿姆罗，为了躲突如其来的雨而进入湖畔小屋，与她相遇。之后，车轮脱轨的阿姆罗被同样驾车路过的夏亚和拉拉救下。

《密会》中虽也有类似的邂逅，但阿姆罗在离开殖民地前与拉拉重逢，并为途中获救一事向她道谢。尽管双方都清楚彼此敌对的立场，但阿姆罗在人性层面仍对拉拉怀有好感。

面对着眼于现在与未来的纯粹、因伤害对手而心怀痛苦的阿姆罗，拉拉对他的印象也并不差。最大的问题在于拉拉已对夏亚心生爱慕，或许正如拉拉所说，阿姆罗 “来得太晚了”。

《密会》中的拉拉，对夏亚既感到幸福与爱意，又像对待过去的 “恋人” 一样，表现出迎合他喜好的举动。对虽将她视为女性产生冲动、却也尊重其人性的阿姆罗，拉拉也有着同样复杂的情感。

在电影《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚》中，夏亚与阿姆罗争执时曾宣称：“拉拉・辛可能会成为像我母亲那样的女性。” 这或许也是因为拉拉只懂得以 “接纳一切” 的方式生存，对夏亚亦是如此相待的结果。

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《高达》为何TV版与小说版不同？富野导演的“读者服务精神”造就的结局

人气作品总会在网络上衍生出各种话题，拥有 45 年历史的《机动战士高达》也不例外，其话题之多正是人气的证明。然而其中不乏让制作人员也不禁疑惑 “为何会这样？” 的 “都市传说”，比如近日看到的 “主人公阿姆罗本应在 TV 版结局死去” 的说法。

该说法的依据是系列导演兼原作者富野由悠季在动画播出后创作的小说，其中阿姆罗最终战死。

读者产生这样的误解或许情有可原，但需要明确的是：小说版与 TV 正片是完全不同的创作。

商业动画（尤其是当时的制作公司原创作品）即便标注个人 “原作”，内容也由多位工作人员共同决定，并非单一创作者的独断。

《高达》正片的故事，是导演在综合系列构成星山博之、松崎健一等编剧，以及企划矢立肇等人的讨论后完成的。

而小说版是动画播出后，富野导演以 “是否也可以有这样的结局？” 为出发点独自创作的。

据与富野导演关系密切的工作人员透露，导演曾在对话中提到 “如果和 TV 版一样，读者会觉得无聊吧”，字里行间充满他一贯的 “服务精神”。

小说版反映了作者的个人创作风格，笔者也曾参与小说化创作，其中内容与正片差异较大。但正规出版的小说版均获得版权方制作公司的许可，从这个角度看属于 “官方” 范畴。

正片与小说版孰优孰劣由观众决定，但断言 “原作者写的才是正确的” 难免片面。若在网络上宣称其为 “正确答案”，可能会因以讹传讹形成误导性的都市传说，还请各位注意。

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《高达》小说版中的夏亚 “没算计（朋友）”……？他为何能保持形象完美？

小说版中历经艰辛的夏亚

在《机动战士高达》的角色中，要说人气高的角色，那当属 “夏亚・阿兹纳布尔” 吧。不仅在播出当时，在之后制作的续篇中，他也作为主要角色活跃着。

有时，不同作品中的夏亚在性格和角色特质上会存在差异。如此想来，最初登场的夏亚，即 TV 动画版的夏亚，或许最接近他原本的形象。

然而，更有可能展现夏亚原本形象的，或许是富野喜幸（现：富野由悠季）监督在 TV 播出期间亲自撰写的 “小说版《机动战士高达》”。当然，其他角色也同样如此。

之所以这么说，是因为小说版是怀着不迎合赞助商的意图创作的，角色的心境也被认为最接近当时富野监督的构想。从这一点来看，或许可以说小说版《机动战士高达》是仅由富野监督的想法构建而成，既不受赞助商影响，也不受其他工作人员意见左右的作品。

正因如此，除了 “与 TV 动画版大不相同的故事” 之外，更值得关注的点在于角色的心境。在 TV 动画中，通过表演对角色行为的解读可能会有所不同。然而，在文字形式的小说中，角色的心境被详细地解说。

带着这样的关注点去阅读，我个人觉得小说版中与 TV 动画版差异最大的角色是夏亚。

看看故事开头夏亚的处境，就能明显察觉到与 TV 动画版的不同之处。小说版中的夏亚几乎得不到部下的信任。准确地说，他被年长的部下们视为 “毛头小子”。

在 TV 动画版中，曾是可靠副官的 “德伦” 以及夏亚所搭乘的 “姆塞” 号的舰长 “特拉姆” 也对他很疏远。当然，他的能力是被认可的，但或许正因他晋升得太快，反而成了被嫉妒的对象。

因此，侵入 “Side 7” 的 “德尼姆” 和 “吉恩” 的行动也有所不同。无视命令的是德尼姆，吉恩只是听从了他的命令。为了在身为 “靠扎比家得以晋升的毛头小子” 的夏亚面前展示自己的技能，出于功名心，德尼姆抢先行动了。

在 Side 7 的这场战斗之后，夏亚投身于与士官学校同期的 “卡尔玛・扎比” 的共同战线。此时的夏亚，明知危险，仍驾驶着弹药所剩不多的 “扎古” 前去支援卡尔玛，口中说着与卡尔玛的友情，内心也想着能帮上一点是一点。

然而，结果和 TV 动画版一样，卡尔玛在喊出 “吉翁公国万岁” 后牺牲了。目睹这一幕的夏亚受到了极大的打击。也就是说，小说版中的夏亚并没有 “算计” 卡尔玛。

从小说版的描写来看，除了对扎比家的复仇之心，夏亚与卡尔玛之间的友情似乎是真挚的。与卡尔玛的相遇，似乎淡化了他对扎比家的复仇之心。

由于对扎比家的复仇之心减弱，小说版中的夏亚开始更重视亡父 “吉翁・兹姆・戴肯” 的理想。也就是依靠 “新人类” 来构建新的世界。

这是 “算计（朋友）” 的夏亚。《机动战士高达 THE ORIGIN 11》 著：安彦良和／原案：矢立肇、富野由悠季／机械设计：大河原邦男 （角川书店）

夏亚改变的原因是拉拉

夏亚认为，为了实现新人类构建的新世界，必须打倒扎比家。正是因为理解他的这份心情，作为 “基连・扎比” 的间谍被派来的 “夏里亚・布尔” 对夏亚给予了信任。

因此，夏里亚作为可靠的副官，开始辅佐夏亚。为了回应这份心意，夏亚也摘下了面具，露出了真面目。这样的情节发展或许可以说是与 TV 动画版完全相反的关系。

这在很大程度上也与此时夏亚已经失去了 “拉拉・辛” 有关。尽管他对拉拉有被吸引的部分，但并没有陷入因她的死而无法自拔的状态，这一点与 TV 动画版有很大的不同。

除此之外，对于 “基西莉亚・扎比” 的秘书 “玛格丽特・林・布雷亚”，夏亚还有过 “希望她能为自己生孩子” 这样的情节。不被过去所束缚，着眼于未来，这似乎就是小说版中的夏亚。

而且，由于 “围绕拉拉的纷争” 不那么激烈，夏亚在战争末期开始寻求与 “阿姆罗・雷” 合作。不仅是阿姆罗，以他为首的 “飞马 J（朱尼厄斯）” 号（小说版中的 “白色基地”）的船员们也有同样的想法，大家都开始考虑讨伐战争的元凶基连。

结果，合作得以实现，但却出现了阿姆罗死亡这一令人震惊的情节发展。阿姆罗死后化作精神体，说服了剩下的船员们，最终实现了与夏亚的合作。

合作后的 “飞马 J” 号和基西莉亚的部队进攻了吉翁公国的根据地 “Side 3”。被逼入绝境的基连被基西莉亚开枪打死。紧接着，夏亚说了声 “那么……”，转动自己 “里克・德姆” 的手掌，让刚被枪击的基西莉亚从上面坠落而死。也就是所谓的背叛。

此后，地球联邦军和吉翁公国签订了和平条约，战争结束了。“德金・索德・扎比” 退位，在 “达尔西亚・巴哈罗” 首相的领导下，吉翁恢复了共和制。夏亚留在了军队，“飞马 J” 号船员中的半数获得了吉翁国籍。

顺便说一下，以这样的情节发展为基础的故事，可以在游戏《基连的野望》系列的 “卡斯巴尔篇” 等中看到。

虽然说得有些仓促，但这或许就是小说版中夏亚的经历吧。给人一种不使用权谋之术，而是基于与他人的信任采取行动的印象。从这一点来看，或许与安彦良和先生所画的漫画《机动战士高达 THE ORIGIN》中的夏亚完全相反。

他在人际关系中努力挣扎的样子，让人不禁联想到后来制作的 TV 动画《机动战士 Z 高达》中的 “夸托・巴吉纳”。如此想来，富野监督最初对夏亚的印象，或许就像夸托一样，是重视与同伴之间信任的形象。

从与曾经的宿敌 “飞马 J” 号的船员以及阿姆罗的合作来看，富野监督直到《Z 高达》时对夏亚的印象，或许更接近小说版。如果没有剧场版《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚》的制作，夏亚或许会走上一条不同的道路。

当然，无论走哪条路，夏亚作为《高达》系列的人气角色，都已经确立了他的地位。

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小说版《机动战士高达》对《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》有何影响？富野由悠季描绘的 “原初高达” 风貌

高达系列最新作《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX Beginning》，凭借入场特典、特别影像放映等内容，在公开近一个月后仍话题不断。这部备受瞩目的作品，其参考蓝本疑似富野由悠季创作的小说版《机动战士高达》。该小说不仅影响了《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX Beginning》的前半部分，还可能对正片产生了影响。

小说版《机动战士高达》于 1979 年至 1981 年由朝日索诺拉玛出版。之后经修订的角川 Sneaker 文库版（全 3 卷）问世，目前这一版本相对容易获取。作者是担任过《机动战士高达》监督的富野由悠季（出版时署名 “富野喜幸” ）。

这部小说版以内容与动画截然不同而闻名。其故事和结局几乎完全不同，比如主人公阿姆罗・雷从一开始就是军人，拉拉较早退场，动画正片中未登场的角色库斯科・阿尔成为重要人物，以及结尾阿姆罗战死等，两者的差异数不胜数。虽然标题和登场人物名字与动画相同，但更准确地说，这是富野由悠季引用这些元素重新构建作品世界的科幻小说。

实际上，这部小说版作为小说来说，质量并非上乘。动画版以 “拼死从 Side 7 逃出、难民船状态的白色基地，一边摆脱敌人追击，一边将高达送到地球的前半战” 和 “逐渐觉醒的阿姆罗与白色基地的船员们，再次挑战宇宙中与吉翁战斗的后半战” 这种形式，使整个故事张弛有度。而小说版全篇都是宇宙战斗。在第 1 卷前半部分，在月神二号放下平民（包括芙劳・鲍）后，飞马号（相当于动画版白色基地的机动战士母舰）的船员作为正规部队被编入联邦军，主要作为小规模的佯动部队辗转作战。与整体有着 “宇宙→地球”“地球→宇宙” 节奏变化的动画版相比，小说版反复呈现相似地点的相似战斗，展开显得平淡。

此外，登场人物的台词和旁白过于注重解释，且解释十分抽象。角色动辄长篇大论地展开看似高深的对话，旁白也会突然开始解释角色的心情，还会突然插入奇怪的拟声词，读起来非常吃力。在这些与故事无关的 “噪音” 中，有很多明显像是富野监督个人的主张。或许在富野监督心中能看到故事的结论和场景画面，但却给人一种忽视读者感受的感觉。我之前读的时候，差点在第 1 卷就放弃了。

不过，这部小说版并非毫无魅力。阅读它，能让人领略到如今因续作和设定相互交织而难以看清最初面貌的《机动战士高达》故事的原始形态。毕竟在这部小说创作之时，没人能想到高达会成为延续 45 年以上的系列作品。正因如此，它才得以作为与电视版平行的故事，写出阿姆罗在结尾战死的情节。

也就是说，小说版《机动战士高达》蕴含着如今难以想象的 “不考虑续作时期的高达形象”“富野监督抛开续作和大规模商业因素构思的故事”。在 Sneaker 文库版的后记中提到，“在发行新版时，曾试图修改阿姆罗战死的结局，使其能与后续作品衔接，但怎么改都不行，只好含羞以接近原版的形式发行”。正因为没有改写，“原初高达” 的风貌才得以完整保留。

那么，“原初高达” 究竟是什么呢？简单来说，“在富野监督心中，高达是关于新人类的故事”。动画版《机动战士高达》的特点是塑造了极具魅力的军人配角，登场了各式各样的机甲，展现了生动的战场剧情。而在小说版中，这些元素大多被删减。取而代之的是，小说聚焦于人类在宇宙中如何生存、在宇宙中人类会发生怎样的变化，以及人类的变化只能被当作战争工具，这样的人类是多么可悲等问题，是一部剔除其他元素、内容紧凑的小说。

关于 “新人类是什么”，小说中有相当明确的定义。在第 3 卷中，人类的第一次文艺复兴被定义为 “从猿到人的变革”，第二次文艺复兴是 “从封建时代获得中世纪文明的人类”，并设想第三次文艺复兴会出现 “获得宇宙的新人类”。书中对 “新人类” 的定义是 “能将更广阔的时空纳入同一认知范畴，从而对每一件事物都具备更深刻的洞察力与更温和态度的人” 。这可以说是小说版《机动战士高达》中觉醒的新人类的定义。这一定义能看出受到了《2001 太空漫游》的影响。

关于觉醒，第 3 卷中还提到 “当每个人沉睡的脑细胞被唤醒时，人就会发生改变” 。由此可知，当时富野监督认为，“人类向广阔的宇宙进发时，与在地球的认知范畴相比，需要通过某种感觉去认识更广阔的范围”“完成这一过程的通常是大半功能处于沉睡状态的大脑，当大脑开始运作时，就会出现能够认知更广阔时空、洞察和感知事物的人类” 。

小说版《机动战士高达》对新人类的存在进行了极为深入的思考，而且剧中所有的设定都是为了描绘新人类之间的邂逅与战斗。例如，米诺夫斯基粒子 “使雷达失效” 的设定，让巨大机器人之间的近战成为可能。小说版沿用了这一设定，将其作为 “只能目视寻找敌人，因此唤醒了感知视野外敌人的大脑功能。以阿姆罗为首的新人类在战斗中磨砺这种能力，并相互产生感应” 这一故事的切入点。使真实系机器人动画得以成立的设定，在小说版中成为了新人类出现的条件。

夏亚与夏里亚的关系，在小说版《机动战士高达》和《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》中有何不同？

富野由悠季小说版《机动战士高达》的影响

在《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX Beginning》中，对一年战争的全新演绎让观众大为震撼。其中，最具冲击力的情节当属前半部分：夏里亚・布尔成为夏亚的得力助手，驾驶着酷似 “布拉乌・布鲁” 的机动装甲 “基凯洛加”，与夏亚组成双机编队，历经一年战争，助力吉翁走向胜利。不难看出，夏里亚和夏亚的这种关系，受到了富野由悠季小说版《机动战士高达》的影响。

小说版《高达》与动画版存在诸多差异，对夏里亚・布尔的描写便是二者的显著区别之一。在动画版中，夏里亚・布尔仅在第 39 话《新人类，夏里亚・布尔》作为客串角色登场，他以从木星归来的吉翁军官身份亮相，驾驶机动装甲 “布拉乌・布鲁” 参战，最终被高达击坠而战死。尽管他具备新人类的资质，但从剧情角度来看，“阿姆罗反应速度过快，致使高达操纵系统损坏” 的描写更为令人印象深刻，这一话里他更像是个仅登场一集的客串反派。不过，夏里亚沦为类似 “炮灰” 角色，似乎也与播放时长缩短有关。如果电视版能按原计划播出 52 集，他应该会成为更具存在感的角色。

相比之下，小说版的夏里亚在故事中期登场。小说版共 3 卷，在动画版中给人留下深刻印象的拉拉・辛在第 1 卷结尾便战死，夏里亚则在拉拉战死后登场，被编入基西莉亚麾下、由夏亚指挥的新人类部队。他驾驶 “里克・德姆” 与夏亚并肩转战，最后驾驶 “布拉乌・布鲁” 与阿姆罗对峙，试图凭借新人类的力量，邀请阿姆罗合作，共同打倒引发大战的元凶基连，承担着重要使命。

无论怎么看，《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》里夏里亚的定位都更接近小说版。小说版中，除夏里亚外还有多名新人类驾驶员与夏亚一同作战，而夏里亚被塑造成队伍中年长且沉稳的角色，深受夏亚信任。虽然他没有像在《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》里那样，凭借双机编队助力吉翁大获全胜，但他作为角色的重要性以及和夏亚的深厚关系，都与动画版大相径庭。在《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》以 “新人类问题为主轴构建故事” 时，肯定参考了小说版中的夏里亚形象。

然而，并非只有夏里亚的角色特性在小说版和动画版中存在差异。作为高达系列中极具代表性的复杂角色，夏亚在小说版和动画版中的行为和给人的印象也截然不同。

小说版和动画版的夏亚，在卡尔玛・扎比战死这一情节上的表现差异显著。动画版里，夏亚煽动对白色基地的攻击，企图陷害卡尔玛，最后诱导卡尔玛驾驶 “加乌” 追击高达，还背叛了他。卡尔玛最后驾驶 “加乌” 试图对白色基地发动自杀式攻击，却被躲开，高呼 “吉翁公国万岁！” 后战死。动画版的夏亚主动设局，将视他为挚友的卡尔玛逼向死亡。

小说版的情节则有所不同。卡尔玛作为吉翁在月球二号监视联邦军的据点 “加利福尼亚” 的司令官登场。夏亚将搭载高达的 “飞马” 号逼向加利福尼亚方向，打算与卡尔玛的部队联手夹击。但卡尔玛在阿姆罗驾驶的高达及 “飞马” 号船员的奋战下反而被反击，驾驶着 “加乌” 被击坠。

在这场战斗中，夏亚并没有陷害卡尔玛的意图。他将 “飞马” 号逼向加利福尼亚方向，纯粹是为了与卡尔玛协同作战，书中也并未提及他有暗杀扎比家幼子的想法。当卡尔玛误判形势准备冲向 “飞马” 号时，夏亚脑海中甚至闪过 “木马号会帮我报父仇，我默默看着就好” 的念头，还忍不住呼喊卡尔玛 “停下！”。小说版的夏亚绝非主动谋划杀害卡尔玛。

在动画版中，夏亚谋害卡尔玛的行为，让他陷入了无法回头的境地。夏亚本是风度翩翩的贵公子，但亲手用谋略害死视自己为好友的卡尔玛后，他愈发觉得必须让扎比家彻底灭亡。而这种略显 “半途而废” 地达成消灭扎比家的目标，也让夏亚此后的人生充满波折，到了《逆袭的夏亚》中，他甚至试图重置全人类。夏亚人生的转折点，或许就是 “为了一己私利，百分之百地害死好友” 这一经历，原本的他或许根本无法承受如此沉重的罪孽。

但小说版的夏亚并未有此行为。他对卡尔玛的死确实有所反应，但并非他策划了谋杀。相反，夏亚还想让卡尔玛通过与联邦新兵器作战来建功立业，甚至试图阻止发动自杀式攻击的卡尔玛。

仔细想想，在动画版中，夏亚虽率领部队，却给人更多独自战斗的印象，很少展现他带领由几台机动战士组成的部队冲锋陷阵、发挥团队协作的画面。而小说版里，他率领着基西莉亚交给他的新人类部队，努力与以夏里亚为首的部下协同作战。甚至在故事结尾，他登上 “飞马 Jr.” 号的舰桥与船员们见面时，也没有表现出怪异扭曲的态度，而是大大方方地自我介绍，还与自己的妹妹塞拉郑重道别。

从这些方面可以看出，与动画版和《THE ORIGIN》相比，小说版的夏亚性格开朗、极具协调性，人格更为圆润。这个版本的夏亚，无论是面对部下还是敌人，都能构建良好的人际关系，也愿意相信阿姆罗所展现的 “人与人之间的和谐”。与动画版中为了净化全人类，不惜让阿克西斯坠落地球的夏亚相比，二者几乎判若两人。

小说版夏亚对夏里亚的情感

小说版的夏亚对夏里亚抱有纯粹的好感。在首次组队与敌人作战时，看到夏里亚操控机体躲避光束，夏亚评价道：“说不定他比历经实战的我还要出色”。对于夏里亚成为自己的部下，他甚至想着 “要是这是基连总帅的安排，那我得好好感谢他”，可见他对夏里亚的欣赏之深。当然，夏亚也察觉到夏里亚身负基连的秘密使命，但他也坚信 “若我的野心是正义的，他定会从旁支持我”。夏亚很早就盘算着将夏里亚拉进自己的阵营，一起践行推翻扎比家、凭借新人类的力量在宇宙中开辟新秩序的宏大目标。

面对夏亚的欣赏，夏里亚也全力回应。小说中有这样的情节：夏亚对众人说 “在你们面前，我就不设防了”，随后在夏里亚面前摘下头盔和面具，露出真容。看到他的素颜后，夏里亚不禁感叹：“没想到他的素颜竟如此温和”。身为新人类的夏里亚能够直接感知他人的思维。他感受到了夏亚内心的矛盾，既有对未来的强烈渴望，又有着不为人知的阴暗面，但这种矛盾的心境却让夏里亚感到 “一种震撼的感动”。通常拥有这类复杂思想的人，面容会显得精明而锐利，可夏亚的脸上却没有这种精明。这让夏里亚大为感慨。

确实，如前文所述，小说版的夏亚没有那种让人反感的精明。他既不会算计卡尔玛，也不会无故刁难部下，即便面对敌人，必要时也会伸出援手，为了心中认定的正义目标勇往直前。正因为与这样的人并肩作战，在故事结尾，夏里亚才会下定决心，哪怕牺牲性命，也要与阿姆罗进行精神层面的沟通。当夏亚责备他 “你总该有个牵挂的人吧，别做傻事” 时，夏里亚回应道：“我无父无母，没有爱人，也没有孩子…… 但男人有时就是会欣赏另一个男人” 。也就是说，小说版中夏里亚如此倾心于夏亚，是因为小说版的夏亚与动画版截然不同，他能力出众、真诚热情，还善于主动与人亲近。

这种差异十分显著。尤其是在 “男人欣赏男人” 这一点上，小说版极具说服力。反观《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》中的夏亚，似乎不像小说版那般率真豪爽。在最终决战的关键时刻，他谋划着让联邦和扎比家两败俱伤，全然不顾及队友，这种玩弄权谋的形象，在我看来更接近电视版的夏亚。当然，《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》是对 “动画版《高达》” 的重新演绎，出现性格类似动画版夏亚的角色也在情理之中。但要说同一部队的驾驶员之间交流的纯粹感，以及这类角色并肩作战时结果的可信度，我认为小说版中夏亚和夏里亚的关系更胜一筹。

所以，（在正片开始前的当下）我认为，相比《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》中夏亚和夏里亚的关系，小说版的情节逻辑更通顺，作为同一部队成员相互配合的结果，也更具说服力。当然，《机动战士高达 GQuuuuuuX》正片开播后，情况或许会有所不同，但在探讨夏亚和夏里亚的关系时，小说版绝对不容忽视。如果您对夏里亚・布尔这个角色，或是他与夏亚的关系感兴趣，强烈推荐您读一读小说版。

《高达》为何动画版和小说版不一样？富野监督的 “读者服务精神” 造就的结局

《机动战士高达》 “阿姆罗本应在最后死去”，这一都市传说的真相是什么？

“监督创作的小说版内容才是正确的”，这是误解？

人气作品在网络上总是话题不断，有着 45 年播出历史的《机动战士高达》，话题众多，这也证明了它经久不衰的人气。

不过，在这些话题中，有不少对于参与作品制作的人来说，会忍不住疑惑 “怎么会这样呢？”，也就是所谓的 “都市传说”。

前几天我看到一则消息，其内容可以理解为 “主人公阿姆罗原本设定在 TV 版系列最后会死去”。

这一说法的依据是系列监督、同时也作为原作者为人熟知的富野由悠季监督，在动画播出后撰写出版的小说。在小说里，阿姆罗最后死亡。

确实，对于既是观众又是读者的人来说，有这样的想法也情有可原。

但是，希望大家能知道，所谓的小说版和播出的 “正片” 是不同的。

商业动画，尤其是当时制作公司的原创作品，即使有个人署名 “原作”，其内容也是众多工作人员共同参与决定的，并非由某一位创作者独自决定。

《高达》正片的故事，是在系列构成星山博之、松崎健一等编剧，以及在此之前负责企划的矢立肇等人的讨论基础上，由监督进行整合才完成的。

然而小说版，只是在正片播出后，富野监督个人出于 “这样的结局也不错吧” 的想法创作出来的。

有证据表明，和富野监督关系非常密切的工作人员，曾在交谈中听到监督说 “要是和 TV 版一样，（读者）不是会觉得很无聊吗”，这话充分体现了监督为读者着想的服务精神。

小说版会反映出作者个人的创作风格。就像我，以前写的小说版作品也和正片有很大不同。不过，通过正规渠道发行销售的小说版，都获得了版权方制作公司的许可，从这个角度来说，它是 “官方” 的。

正片和小说版，大家更喜欢哪一个，由观众自行决定就好。但要是就此认定 “原作者写的就是正确的”，在我看来这种想法有些浅薄。而且，如果在网络等平台将其描述为 “正确答案”，就会像传声筒游戏一样歪曲事实，变成 “令人困扰的都市传说”，所以还请大家多多注意。

《高达》中的 “拉拉·辛” 究竟是什么身份？小说版中的 “隐秘过往”

大家都很熟悉的 “拉拉・辛”，在仅观看动画正片的情况下，由于信息有限，再加上她的戏份特点，实在是个充满神秘色彩的角色。富野监督在小说中描绘的她的身世，确实有些内容在电视动画里不太好展现。

对小朋友来说有点难懂的 “拉拉”

在动画正片中，拉拉是个谜团重重的少女。（配图：“GGG 机动战士高达 拉拉・辛”（Megahouse）(C) 创通・Sunrise ）

在《高达》系列中，作为连接 “阿姆罗・雷” 和 “夏亚・阿兹纳布尔” 的新人类少女 “拉拉・辛” ，关于她的出身和背景，在动画正片中的描述比想象中要少。

1979 年 TV 动画版《机动战士高达》官方网站上，拉拉的简略履历仅仅写着 “曾是孤儿，被夏亚收留，在弗拉纳根机构长大的新人类少女”，她的出生地、被夏亚收留的时间等过往经历，完全是未知数。

在与动画同步创作的初代小说版《机动战士高达》（作者：富野由悠季／KADOKAWA ）中，拉拉被记载为出身于宇宙殖民地 “Side 5”，这里通常被称为 “鲁姆”。在一年战争初期，拉拉卷入了 Side 5 爆发的战火，在此期间父母双亡，好不容易逃到 Side 6 时遇到了夏亚，之后被托付给了 “弗拉纳根机构”。

1997 年，以动画版为基础展开故事的小说《密会 阿姆罗与拉拉》（作者：富野由悠季／KADOKAWA ）中，拉拉的身世与小说版《高达》有所不同。

拉拉从懂事起就生活在印度城市德里的一家孤儿院。9 岁时被妓院 “卡巴斯” 带走，养父还引用印度古典《爱经》，向她传授有关性与爱的知识。17 岁时，拉拉迎来了第一个客人，此后每月会接待数次被称为 “恋人” 的男性顾客。

因没能保护好扎比家的小弟 “卡尔玛・扎比”，夏亚一度被军队放逐，在地球流浪。后来他被军队召回，前往印度执行任务时，来到了卡巴斯并成为了拉拉的客人，还邀请拉拉前往宇宙。拉拉虽然拒绝了邀请，但她对当下的生活并不满意，于是伺机逃离卡巴斯。在逃跑过程中，拉拉被卡巴斯雇佣的人包围，这时夏亚出现，他给了追捕者金块，以赎身的方式救下了拉拉。

无论是小说版《高达》中原本看似平常的生活突然被夺走，还是《密会》里虽能保证衣食住行却要出卖身体的生活，都让人感觉拉拉过着极为艰苦的人生。

对小朋友来说更难懂的《密会》中的拉拉

在动画中，拉拉初次登场是在故事接近尾声的时候。在宇宙殖民地 “Side 6” 休假的阿姆罗，为了避雨匆忙躲进湖畔的小屋，在那里与她相遇。之后，同样乘车路过的夏亚和拉拉，救助了汽车脱轮的阿姆罗。

在《密会》里，也有类似的邂逅情节。不过，阿姆罗在离开殖民地之前与拉拉再次见面，并向她道谢。尽管双方都清楚彼此处于敌对立场，但阿姆罗从人性的角度出发，对拉拉怀有好感。

阿姆罗有着凝视当下与未来的纯粹，以及因伤害战斗对手而内心痛苦的善良。对于这样的阿姆罗，拉拉对他的印象也并不差。最大的问题在于，拉拉的心早已倾向夏亚，就像拉拉说的那样，阿姆罗或许真的 “来得太晚了”。

在《密会》中，拉拉一方面对夏亚怀有幸福与爱意，另一方面，她又像对待过去的 “恋人” 那样，刻意做出能让夏亚开心的举动。面对阿姆罗，她也是如此，即便看到了阿姆罗的人性闪光点，面对阿姆罗作为男性对她产生的冲动，她同样如此应对 。

在电影《机动战士高达 逆袭的夏亚》中，与阿姆罗争吵之后，夏亚直言 “拉拉・辛本可能成为我的母亲那样的女人”。或许这也是因为，拉拉只懂得 “接纳一切” 的生活方式，她对夏亚也是如此，才有了这样的结果。

《高达》宇宙要塞 “阿・巴瓦・库” 的名字是怎么来的？来问问富野监督

《机动战士高达》最终决战的舞台

2025 年，《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX（ジークアクス ）》成为动漫粉丝们热议的话题之一。随着电视放送的开启，未来的热度更是值得期待。而作为所有系列基础的 1979 年版《机动战士高达》，人气依旧不减。得益于《机动战士 Gundam GQuuuuuuX》的上映，这个系列在初次对 “高达” 世界产生兴趣的新一代观众中也引发了热议。或许正因如此，不管是好是坏，至今仍流传着各种类似都市传说的传言和猜测。 昨天有人问我：“阿・巴瓦・库这个名字是谁取的？又是从何而来？” 关于这个问题，主要有两种传言：

• 神奈川县横滨市的 “青叶区（日语发音：アオバク）” 是名字的灵感来源。
• 名字取自一种幻兽。“青叶区” 的说法显然站不住脚。因为在《高达》播出的 1979 年，横滨的青叶区还不存在，它是在 1996 年（平成 6 年）11 月才成立的，《高达》播出 15 年后才有了这个区。不过，这说法似乎也只是被当作玩笑谈资。

那么 “幻兽” 的说法呢？据说这名字源于《一千零一夜》中幻兽名字的英译，用片假名写出来是 “ア・バオ・ア・クゥー”（写法似乎有多种） 。至于这是种怎样的幻兽，如果您感兴趣，可以自行去了解。但这个说法是真的吗？

于是，我日前直接向制作当时负责剧本和科幻设定的松崎健一先生询问了此事。 长话短说，这个名字并非松崎先生自己的创意，而且似乎也不是其他编剧提出的。我曾参与过几部作品的文艺创作，对此也有同感。 在我从 20 世纪 70 年代后期到 80 年代的经验中，作品中的名称，在项目初期通常是由负责系列构成的主要编剧、监督，涉及商标相关事宜时还会有赞助商、有时电视台也会参与讨论后决定。但随着系列的推进，比如只在某几集登场的事物名称，往往是由负责的编剧或设计师来拟定。

不过，“阿・巴瓦・库” 作为作品接近尾声时的重要舞台，并非 “一次性” 的设定，所以很可能在监督的策划阶段就已经确定，也就是说，大概率是富野监督决定的。松崎先生也认同这一点（提到青叶区的说法时，松崎先生也不禁大笑） 。 如此一来，看来只能直接去问富野监督了。话虽如此，监督一直都很忙，如今也没法像过去那样随意打电话…… 不过幸运的是，因为其他事情我有了和监督见面的机会，于是便私下悄悄问了这个问题。 对监督来说，这已经是近 50 年前的事了。一开始，他似乎都不太记得 “阿・巴瓦・库” 这个名字，还疑惑地说：“这我哪知道呀？” 但在我解释之后，他说道：“啊，想起来了！对，就是那个螺旋状的、转啊转的城堡……” 《一千零一夜》里出现的幻兽 “阿・巴瓦・阿・库乌”，就住在那样螺旋状城堡的山脚下，传说没能登上城堡顶端的人都会死去。 “没错，就是这样，确实是我取的。” 监督笑着明确回答道。 这应该就是最准确的答案了。也就是说，“阿・巴瓦・库” 这个名字，是富野监督参考了介绍《一千零一夜》中幻兽名字的书籍后取的。 富野监督如今已 80 多岁了，他创作了大量作品，始终专注于新作品的创作。对他来说，《高达》也已是遥远的过去，许多细节可能早已忘却。 大家可能觉得富野监督总是言辞犀利、容易发怒，但实际上，他笑着拍了拍我，还说：“一直以来都很感谢你的文章，我都会尽量去看。” 他其实是个非常和蔼的人。

对这样的他而言，虽然我的能力有限，但我希望自己能成为他的 “外置硬盘”，帮他留存一些记忆。

外部リンク

• ビッグスリーネット - ビッグコミックスペリオール公式サイト
• 医龙 -Team Medical Dragon- - フジテレビによる公式サイト
• 医龙 -Team Medical Dragon- 2 - フジテレビによる公式サイト
• 医龙 -Team Medical Dragon- 3 - フジテレビによる公式サイト

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接档	JuneAugust/临时文字	被接档
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zh:医龙-Team Medical Dragon-

T34

3月23日，制作方发布了本剧的关键视觉图，画面上描绘了AI机器人哈啰与主人公玛秋，以及神秘新锐机动战士 GQuuuuuuX。同一天还发布了电视剧版《Promotion Reel》，其中伴随着米津玄师的主题曲《Plazma》，玛秋喊着“我想去地球！一定要去！”而尼娅安、修司等角色一一出场。其中还出现了尚未公布详细信息的神秘机动战士和角色。同时，由星街彗星演唱、曾在先导电影中出现的插曲《もうどうなってもいいや》被确认将用作本剧的片尾曲。在AnimeJapan 2025活动现场的舞台上，官方公布本剧一共12集。这一消息引发了爱好者们的热烈讨论。

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