原羽鳥屬

豐寧原羽鳥; 化石時期：早白堊世，131 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	國立自然科學博物館的化石標本
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亞目：	獸腳亞目 Theropoda
演化支：	鳥翼類 Avialae
演化支：	†反鳥亞綱 Enantiornithes
目：	†原羽鳥目 Protopterygiformes; Zhang & Zhou, 2006
科：	†原羽鳥科 Protopterygidae; Zhang & Zhou, 2006
屬：	†原羽鳥屬 Protopteryx; Zhang & Zhou, 2000
種：	豐寧原羽鳥 P. fengningensis
二名法
	Protopteryx fengningensis; Zhang & Zhou, 2000

原羽鳥屬（學名：Protopteryx）是種存在於白堊紀已滅絕的鳥類，可能是已知最原始的反鳥亞綱^[1]。模式種是豐寧原羽鳥（P. fengningensis）^[2]。其遺骸首次發現於中國河北省義縣組或花吉營組（英語：Huajiying Formation）的四岔口段段^[3]，化石時期為距今1.31億年前^[4]，後來又發現於大北溝組^[5]。學名Protopteryx意為「原始的羽毛」^[6]，其中「proto-」意為「第一個」，「-pteryx」意為「羽毛」或「翅膀」，此名是指該屬具有比現代鳥類更加原始的羽毛，如兩根缺乏羽小枝的修長尾羽^[7]。

描述

原羽鳥化石顯示，這種鳥與今天的椋鳥大致相同^[6]。除去尾羽，成年原羽鳥長約10厘米（3.9英寸）。原羽鳥牙齒呈錐形，無鋸齒，某些牙齒存在類似始祖鳥的骨吸收坑洞。原羽鳥身上覆有三種類型的羽毛：絨羽、飛羽及修長的帶狀尾羽，大部分羽毛長12毫米（0.47英寸）左右。絨羽的羽支呈層狀而非毛髮狀且尖端磨損。原羽鳥最特別之處，在於尾部有兩根僅末端生有羽支的修長羽毛。這兩根尾羽靠近身體的部分很細、呈針狀。唯一具備這種羽毛的現存鳥類只有極樂鳥。尾羽在尾部近端部分同樣缺乏羽支^[8]。

分類

原羽鳥是反鳥亞綱已知最原始的成員之一，出現於始祖鳥及最原始的鳥類——孔子鳥之後^[9]。原羽鳥比始華夏鳥^[1]和副原羽鳥^[10]還要原始。

發現及分布

原羽鳥化石發現於河北省^[11]，出土於義縣組四岔口段和大北溝組^[12]^[13]。四岔口盆地是大興安嶺—太行山構造岩漿帶（Daxinganling-Taihangshan Tectonomagmatic Belt）的一部分，並向東北偏北方向移動。原羽鳥生存期間該盆地位於紅淺溝—芥菜溝一帶^[11]。

古生物學

原羽鳥所在的熱河生物群棲息着眾多陸生及淡水脊椎動物^[14]。原羽鳥的牙齒類似始祖鳥，表明兩者食性相似^[8]。

羽毛

原羽鳥適於飛行且羽毛具有與現代鳥類相似的特徵，如其前喙骨、胸嵴、肱骨外上髁、三角嵴所示，表明原羽鳥具有類似現代鳥類的喙肌上和胸肌。原羽鳥還有着類似始祖鳥、孔子鳥及其它飛禽的不對稱翅膀飛羽^[8]。原羽鳥尾羽靠近身體那部分缺乏羽支^[8]，表明其有飛行以外的用途，如展示、溫度調節或用作感官^[9]。

參見

恐龍的顏色（英語：Dinosaur coloration）

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 49-57.
^ Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe. A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers. Science. 2000, 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. PMID 11110660. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955.
^ Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2008, 53 (18): 2820–2827. Bibcode:2008SciBu..53.2820J. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
^ O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (published online before print 16 December 2010). doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614
^ Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." Journal of Paleontology, 88: 99-108.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
^ Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and 『feather-like’ integumentary structures in Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057
^ Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
^ Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045
^ O』Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011): 51-63.
^ He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.

來源

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengningensis.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs by Luis M. Chiappe and Lawrence M. Witmer

外部連結

Protopteryx in the Paleobiology Database（英語：Paleobiology Database）
Protopteryx fossil courtesy of Fossil Museum [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[protopteryx_english-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 49-57.

[Zhang+Zhou2000-2] Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe. A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers. Science. 2000, 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. PMID 11110660. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955.

[jinetal2008-3] Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2008, 53 (18): 2820–2827. Bibcode:2008SciBu..53.2820J. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.

[oconnoretal2010-4] O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (published online before print 16 December 2010). doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614

[bohaiornis_2014-5] Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." Journal of Paleontology, 88: 99-108.

[ReferenceA-6] 6.0 ^6.1 A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]

[Zhou,_Zhonghe_2001-7] Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.

[ReferenceB-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]

[Fucheng,_Z._2006-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and 『feather-like’ integumentary structures in Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057

[10] Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x

[Jin,_F._2008-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.

[12] Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045

[13] O』Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011): 51-63.

[14] He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.

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