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内布拉星象盘

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内布拉星象盘

内布拉星象盘（德语：Himmelsscheibe von Nebra， 发音：[ˈhɪml̩sˌʃaɪbə fɔn ˈneːbra]；英语：Nebra sky disc）是一个直径约为30 cm（12英寸）的青铜盘，有着蓝绿色的铜锈，并镶嵌著以黄金打造的符号[1][2]。这些符号通常被解释为太阳或满月，月球的眉月和恒星，包括一个由七颗恒星组成的星团，被合理的被解释为昴宿星团[3][4]。

贴在两边的两条金色弧线，已经缺少了一条，被认为标志着两至点之间的角度。底部具有内部平行线的另一个弧形通常被解释为具有许多桨的太阳船[5]，但是一些学者也提出它可能代表彩虹 [6]、北极光 [7]、一颗彗星[8]或镰刀[9]。

1999年，这个圆盘在德国萨克森-安哈尔特的内布拉的米特尔贝格山上被发现.[10]。考古学家将其定年在约1800–1600 BC，并归属于青铜时代早期的乌尼蒂茨文化（英语：Unetice culture）[11][12]。 对圆盘、圆盘上发现的物品和发现地点的各种科学分析证实了青铜时代早期的年代测定[13][14][15]。

内布拉星象盘是世界上已知的最古老的天文现象的具体描绘[1][16][13]。2013年6月，它被列入联合国教科文组织世界記憶名錄，并被称为“二十世纪最重要的考古发现之一[17]。”

发现

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内布拉星象盘发现时状况模拟

1999年，寻宝猎人亨利·韦斯特法尔（英语：Henry Westphal）和马里奥·伦纳（英语：Mario Renner）在用金属探测器寻宝时发现了这个圆盘，以及两把青铜剑、两套斧头、一把凿子和螺旋臂章碎片。考古文物是萨克森-安哈尔特州的财产。两人没有寻宝执照，知道他们的活动构成侵占考古文物，是非法的。他们用铲子损坏了圆盘，并摧毁了部分遗址。第二天，他们以31,000德国马克的价格将全部藏品卖给了科隆的一位经销商。在接下来的两年里，这些藏品在德国境内转手易主了好几次，售价已高达100万德国马克。到2001年，关于它存在的消息已经是公开的秘密[来源请求]。

2002年2月，国家考古学家赫拉德·梅勒（英语：Harald Meller）在巴塞尔警方领导的一次诱捕行动中，以70万德国马克的价格从一对夫妇那里获得了这个星象盘[18]。最初的发现者最终被追补到案。在认罪协商中，他们带领警察和考古学家前往发现地点。考古学家在现场进行了挖掘，发现了支持掠夺者说法的证据。地下有青铜文物的痕迹，现场的土壤与文物上发现的土壤样本相匹配。该圆盘及其附带的发现物由位于德国萨克森-安哈尔特州哈雷市的哈雷州立史前博物馆（英语：Halle State Museum of Prehistory）保存。

2003年9月，瑙姆堡法院分别判处两名掠夺者四个月和十个月的刑期。他们提出上诉，但上诉法院分别将他们的刑期提高到六个月和十二个月。

发现地点是一个史前时期的围场 (考古)（英语：Enclosure (archaeology)），位于莱比锡西方 60 公里的米特尔贝格山（Mittelberg，中央山），被齐格罗达森林（英语：Ziegelrodar Forst）环绕着的一座高 252 米的小山丘顶部，是一个史前时期的围场 (考古)（英语：Enclosure (archaeology)）。众所周知，周围地区在新石器时代就有人定居，齐格罗达森林约有1000个石栏。

在围场的位置，似乎每年夏至太阳都会落在西北方80千米（50英里）的哈兹山脉的最高峰布罗肯峰后面。寻宝者声称，这些文物是在河岸和沟渠围栏内的一个坑内发现的。

该地的史前遗迹则是由附近更加古老的革塞克圆环所确认。

定年

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参见：乌尼蒂茨文化
与圆盘一起发现的剑[19]。
其它相关发现：凿子、斧头、手镯。

与圆盘一起埋葬的斧头和剑的类型可追溯到公元前1500年。剑柄中发现的桦树皮遗迹已被放射性碳定年确定为公元前1600年至1560年之间，证实了这一估计。这与埋葬日期相对应，当时这个星象盘可能已经存在了几代人[11]。对金属放射性和圆盘上腐蚀层的分析进一步支持了青铜时代早期的定年[20][21]。

金属的来源

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根据佩尔尼卡（英语：E.Pernicka）当时在弗莱贝格工业大学通过X射线荧光光谱仪对微量元素的初步分析，铜起源于奥地利的比绍夫斯霍芬，而金被认为来自喀尔巴阡山脉[22]。最近的一项分析发现，第一个开发阶段（见下文）使用的黄金来自英格兰南部康沃尔郡的卡农河（英语：Carnon River）[23]。青铜中的锡也来自康沃尔郡[24]。

历史

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按照保存情况，内布拉星象盘的制造被认为分成四个阶段（Meller 2004）：

  1. 最初，圆盘上有32个小圆金圈、一个大圆盘和一个大新月形盘。圆盘被解释为太阳或满月，新月形被解释为[月相|眉月]]（或经历食的太阳或月亮），圆点被解释为恒星，聚在一起的七个圆点可能代表一个星团。这个星团被认为是指昴宿星团[13]，或者可能是星团的一般符号[25]。
  2. 在稍后的某个日期，在圆盘相对的边缘添加了两个弧形（由其化学杂质所示，是不同来源的黄金构成）。为了给这些弧线腾出空间，从左侧将一个小圆移动到圆盘中心，并覆盖了右侧的两个圆，这样就只留下看到的三十个圆点。这两条弧线跨越82°的角度，正确地显示了米特尔贝格山（中央山）的纬度（北纬51°）在夏季和冬季至日太阳出或没的位置改变的角度[26][27]。这些弧线与太阳的路径——黄道有关。鉴于古代天文学家知道标记黄道的行星和许多恒星，他们可以在一个冬夜观察到它在弧线内扫过地平线，而不仅仅是一整年的日出和日落[28]。因此，这些弧线完全符合夜间使用。
  3. 最后添加的是底部的另一个弧形，被标识为太阳船 [29]，同样由黄金制成，但来源不同。
  4. 当圆盘被埋入地下时，它的周围也有38到40个孔，每个孔的直径大约为3毫米（0.12英寸）。由于盘的边缘损坏，准确的数量变得模糊不清[30]。
  • 1) 左边是太阳或满月，右边是眉月，上面和中间是昴宿星团
    1) 左边是太阳或满月，右边是眉月，上面和中间是昴宿星团
  • 2) 在地平线上为日出和日落区域添加了弧线；单个恒星被移动和/或覆盖
    2) 在地平线上为日出和日落区域添加了弧线；单个恒星被移动和/或覆盖
  • 3) 添加“太阳船”
    3) 添加“太阳船”
  • 4) 圆盘当前状态的示意图（一颗恒星和太阳的一部分——或满月——已经恢复）
    4) 圆盘当前状态的示意图（一颗恒星和太阳的一部分——或满月——已经恢复）

意义

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解释星象盘意义的视频
夏至时太阳日落位置刚好在布洛肯山方向
春分和秋分时太阳在星象盘边缘上的位置
冬至时太阳日落位置到达最南方

此一发现被认为再次证实了欧洲青铜时代人们的天文知识和能力，包括对太阳的年变化，以及夏季和冬季至日的太阳升起和落下点之间角度的密切观察。虽然更古老的土方工程 (考古学)（英语：Earthworks (archaeology)）和巨石文化的天文综合体（英语：Astronomical complex），如戈瑟克圆环和巨石阵，已经被用来标记至点，但圆盘以便携式物体的形式呈现了这些知识[27]。这个圆盘可能既有实用的天文学目的，也有宗教意义[31][3]。

日历规则

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圆盘上昴宿星团与眉月的结合被认为代表了阳历和阴历同步的日历规则，从而能够创建阴阳历[32]。这些规则是从古代巴比伦尼亚文本集中标题为MUL.APIN（英语：MUL.APIN）的一系列文字中得知的[33]。根据纲要中的七条规则之一，如圆盘上所示，当春季只有几天大的眉月出现在昴宿星团出旁边时，应该添加一个闰月。这种合相大约每三年发生一次[34][35][36]。

尽管在内布拉圆盘上比在巴比伦尼亚更早得到证实，但哈拉尔德·梅勒（英语：Harald Meller）表明，关于这一规则的知识可能是通过长途贸易和接触从巴比伦尼亚传到中欧的[37]。波罗的海琥珀珠子是在伊拉克的ašššur的大型金字塔下的一个基础矿床中发现的，其历史可追溯到公元前1800年至1750年，这表明在内布拉星象盘形成时，这两个地区之间存在联系[38]。然而，一些亚述学家和天文学家拒绝将N内布拉盘与MUL.APAN进行比较[39][40][41]。

圆盘侧面的金色条纹标志着夏至和冬至[37][42]， 顶部代表地平线[43]和北方。这与现代星图相反，现代星图旨在被高举并从下方观察，而不像地理的地图那样让我们（想像我们可以）从上方向下俯视[44]。

圆盘上描绘的恒星数量（32）也被认为很重要，可能对日历规则进行了数位编码。首先，圆盘上描绘的眉月和昴宿星团的合相发生在最后一次“新光”（当月第一个可见新月）后的32天之后，而不是之前[45]。其次，由于一个农历年（354天）比一个太阳年（365天）短11天，因此32个太阳年的长度等于33个阴历年（误差仅为两天）。也就是说，32 x 365 = 11680天，33 x 354 = 11682天[46]。这个32个太阳年的周期在圆盘上可以用32颗星星加上太阳（或满月）来表示，加起来就是33颗[47][48]。

考古学家克里斯托夫·索默菲尔德认为，这个圆盘编码了19年阴阳合历周期的默冬章[49]。根据索末菲的说法，默冬章周期在特伦德霍姆太阳战车的圆盘上也有类似的编码，可以追溯到公元前1500年左右[50]。默冬章也被认为是青铜时代晚期柏林金帽的编码，其特征是一个由19颗“星月”符号组成的带[51]。

一些作者认为，圆盘边缘周围的针孔数量（大约38到40个）具有天文学意义。由于圆盘损坏，确切的数量尚不清楚。[30][52]。

内布拉星象盘被比作希腊诗人赫西俄德的一段话，写于公元前700年左右，其中描述了昴宿星团在组织农业年中的作用：

"当阿特拉斯的女儿昴宿星团升起时，开始收割，并在它们即将落下时耕种。四十个日夜，它们被隐藏起来，随着岁月的流逝，当你第一次磨镰刀时，它们又会再次出现。这是平原的法则，那些住在海边、居住在富裕国家、远离波涛汹涌的大海的峡谷和洼地的人的法则，如果你想在适当的时候收获得墨忒耳的所有果实，每种果实都可以在它的季节生长。这是平原的法则，也是那些生活在海边、居住在富裕国家、远离波涛汹涌的大海的峡谷和洼地的人的法则——如果你想在适当的时候收获得到得墨忒耳的所有水果，带去播种，带去耕种，带去收割，每种水果都可以在它的季节生长[53][54]。"

昂宿星团的描绘也可以从青铜时代早期的一些岩石雕刻中得知，例如在南阿尔卑斯山的贝戈山[55][56]和奥地利的“日历石”上（莱奥匕首日历石（德语：Kalenderstein von Leogug）），这是一个与非主流文化相关的祭祀场所，可能起到了日历的作用[57][58]。内布拉星象盘与北欧青铜时代的岩画有一些相似之处，其中一些被认为具有日历的意义[59][60][61]。

神话

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公元前15世纪迈锡尼的金图章戒指，带有类似的天体影像[62]。

公元前15世纪，希腊迈锡尼的一枚金图章戒指上出现了类似于内布拉圆盘的太阳和新月的描绘[63][64][65]。在太阳和月亮之下，有一个坐着的女性形象，手里拿着三朵罂粟，被认为是自然和生育女神，可能是米诺斯罂粟女神（英语：Poppy goddess），也可能是狄蜜特女神的早期形态[66][67][68][69]。内布拉星象盘上的金色弧线也与米诺斯双斧或“双刃釜”相似，后者位于金图章戒指的中心，被认为是米诺斯女神的主要象征，也是狄蜜特的象征[70][71][72]。根据考古学家 克利斯蒂安·克利斯蒂安森（英语：Kristian Kristiansen (archaeologist)），类似于迈锡尼图章戒指上的图像出现在北欧青铜时代岩画中，来自瑞典的国王的坟墓（英语：The King's Grave），其历史可以追溯到公元前16至15世纪，而波罗的海琥珀则在迈锡尼精英的竖井坟墓（英语：Grave Circle A, Mycenae）中被发现[73][74]。在非主流文化的定居点也发现了罂粟，它可能被用于崇拜仪式[75]。

太阳船

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圆盘底部的金弧通常被解释为神话中的太阳船，它承载着太阳度过白天和黑夜[37]。金弧两侧的短线可能代表一大群船员的桨[76]。根据考古学家哈拉尔德·梅勒（Harald Meller）的说法，这些图像“在欧洲迄今不为人知”，可能起源于古埃及，并可能通过广泛的联系和旅行到达中欧[37]。相比之下，考古学家玛丽·卡希尔（Mary Cahill）认为，太阳船已经被描绘在来自非主流文化发展出来的[[贝尔陶器文化#太阳象征主义]贝尔陶器文化]]中的金月球（英语：Gold lunula）上[77]。太阳船甚至可能被描绘在新石器时代或更早的岩石艺术上[78][79]。

太阳船或容器也出现在后来的原始印欧神话传统：在拉脱维亚人的民歌中，太阳女神绍莱斯在一艘金船上过夜，而在阿闼婆吠陀中，太阳被两次告知“阿蒂亚，你为了幸福登上了一艘一百桨的船[80]。”在希腊神话中，太阳的容器呈金碗或杯子的形式，可能类似于内布拉船的碗状形状[81][82]。青铜时代的类似文物包括来自威尔士的类似船只的广场碗（英语：Caergwrle Bow）[83]和丹麦的微型黄金船[84]。青铜时代晚期的金碗，如德国的埃伯斯瓦尔德宝藏（英语：Eberswalde Hoard），以圆形太阳符号为特征，其中一些可能包含历法资讯，包括内布拉星象盘上可能描绘的32个太阳年和33个阴历年的等值[85][86]。

从公元前1,600年左右开始，北欧青铜时代就有许多关于太阳船的描绘[87]。其中许多是平底船，但有些有类似于内布拉船的弯曲形状。其中一些描绘显示人们在船上表演向后弯曲或向后跳跃，考古学家鲁恩·艾弗森（Rune Iversen）将其与埃及的类似描绘联系起来，埃及的描绘显示了在节日期间为女神哈索尔表演的向后弯曲舞蹈[88]。它们也可能与罗马历史学家塔西佗后来的说法有关，他说日尔曼的苏维汇人以船的形式崇拜女神苏维汇人的“伊希斯”（英语："Isis" of the Suebi）[89]。从新王国开始，伊希斯就被等同于哈索尔，两位女神都与太阳船有关，通常被描绘在船的船首，她们驾驶并保护着这艘船[90][91]。后来的希腊人也将两者与女神德墨忒耳联系在一起[71]。

历史学家Joseph S.Hopkins和HaukurÞorgeirsson将塔西佗的“苏伊比的伊西斯”与挪威女神[[[弗蕾亚]]联系起来，认为弗蕾亚与古挪威文字中的船，特别是与斯堪的纳维亚的石船，意象之间存在很强的联系[92][93]。弗蕾亚和她的双胞胎兄弟弗雷尔（Freyr）都具有与太阳神相关的特征[94]，包括属于弗雷尔的金色船“斯基德普拉特尼”，它可能代表一艘太阳船[95]。

神圣的双胞胎

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根据克里斯蒂安·克里斯蒂安森的说法，存放在内布拉星象盘上的成对剑和斧头代表了神话中的神圣双胞胎（英语：Divine twins），后来在希腊被称为卡斯托和波路克斯兄弟（Dioscuri），在印度被称为双马童（Ashvins），还有其它印欧传统中[96]。其他青铜时代的墓葬中也有类似的陪葬物。克里斯蒂安森进一步提出，与“Dioscuri”相关的星座双子座星座可能位于圆盘中太阳船旁边的下方[97]。考古学家蒂莫西·达尔维尔（英语：Timothy Darvill）提出，这些成对的陪葬物与内布拉星象盘和巨石阵的三石塔（英语：Trilithon）之间存在着联系，这也可能代表了神圣双胞胎的早期形式[98]。特别是中央三石塔可能体现了“一对代表昼夜、太阳和月亮、夏天和冬天、生与死的神，甚至可能是史前时期的双胞胎阿波罗和阿提密斯，正如他们在后来的旧世界万神殿中所知[99]。”在希腊，阿波罗和阿耳忒弥斯分别与太阳和月亮联系在一起，而昴宿宿星团则被称为“阿尔忒弥斯的同伴”，这与内布拉星象盘上的描述相呼应[98]。根据希腊历史学家希罗多德的记载，埃及人认为阿波罗和阿耳忒弥斯是伊希斯的孩子，相当于荷鲁斯和芭丝特，而伊希斯是阿提密斯[100]。

与英国的联系

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考古天文学家埃米利亚牧师（Emília Pásztor）反对为圆盘提供实用的天文功能。根据Pásztor的说法，“周边弧的长度与太阳升起或落下的运动非常接近，这可能纯粹是巧合”[101]。这一说法因在布什巴罗（英语：Bush-Barrow）的巨石阵上发现的大致当代的金菱形上发现了类似的特征而受到质疑，其中整体设计的锐角（81°）对应于巨石阵纬度至点之间的角度[102][103]。根据尤安·麦基（英语：Euan MacKie）（2009）的说法，“内布拉圆盘和布什巴罗菱形似乎都是为了反映北纬51°左右的年度太阳周期而设计的[104]。”

麦基进一步提出，内布拉圆盘和布什巴罗菱形都可能与亚历山大·托姆（英语：Alexander Thom）根据他对英国立石排列的分析重建的阳历有关[105]。内布拉星象盘和布什巴罗菱形都是用青铜时代康沃尔郡的黄金制成的，它们之间有着直接的联系[23][106]。根据考古学家萨宾·格洛夫（德语：Sabine Gerloff）的说法，内布拉星象盘上使用的镀金科技也起源于英国，并从那里引入到大陆[107]。

真实性

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最初有人怀疑这个星象盘可能是考古赝品（英语：Archaeological forgery）。德国雷根斯堡大学的彼得·绍尔（Peter Schauer）在2005年辩称，内布拉星象盘是假的，他可以证明星象盘的光泽可能是由尿液、盐酸和喷灯在短时间内造成的。他不得不在法庭上承认，与检查过该星象盘的18位科学家不同，他从未亲自拿过该星象盘[108]。对铜绿（或腐蚀层）的科学分析证实了它的真实性[21]。

英国布里斯托大学的欧洲史前学教授理查德·哈里森在英国广播公司]（BBC）的一部纪录片中表示，尽管他当时还没有看到星象盘，但因为这一发现的性质非比寻常，“当我第一次听说内布拉圆盘时，我以为这是一个笑话，事实上我认为这是伪造的”。同一部纪录片提供了科学分析，证实了圆盘的真实性[21]。

赫拉德·梅勒于2008年4月在苏格兰古物学会的演讲中提出了一些星象盘是真品的理由，且宣称找到它的地点是在米特尔贝格山。最具说服力的证据稍后由考古学家发现－掠夺者称他们在坑内找到一个金属物，那是金叶片的一个碎片，而那碎片正好符合原本在盘上代表太阳的大黄金圆板的缺角。

鲁珀特·格布哈德（Rupert Gebhard）和鲁迪·克劳斯（Rudiger Krause）在2020年发表的一篇论文质疑了内布拉星象盘的青铜时代早期定年，并提出了更晚的铁器时代日期[109]。Ernst Pernicka及其同事在同一年发表了一篇论文回应，驳斥了格布哈德和克劳斯的论点[13]。对圆盘、圆盘上发现的物品和发现地点的科学分析都证实了早期青铜时代的年代[1][15]。

展览

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内布拉附近发现地点的游客中心

内布拉星象盘是名为锻造的天空（德语：Der geschmiedet Himmel）（德语“The forged sky”）的展览的中心，展出了1,600件青铜时代的文物，包括雷鸣太阳战车（英语：Trundholm sun chariot），分别于2004年10月15日至2005年5月22日在萨勒河畔哈勒的哈雷-维滕贝格大学、2005年7月1日至10月22日在丹麦哥本哈根、2005年11月9日至2006年2月5日在维也纳、2006年3月10日至7月16日在德国曼海姆和2006年9月29日至2007年2月25日在瑞士巴塞尔展出。

2007年6月21日，在内布拉的发现地点附近开设了一个多媒体游客中心[110]。

该星象盘是萨勒河畔哈勒哈勒州立史前博物馆（英语：Halle State Museum of Prehistory）（Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte）永久展览的一部分。

该星象盘于2022年2月17日至7月17日在伦敦大英博物馆展出，作为“巨石阵世界展览”的一部分[111]。于2022年8月6日至9月18日在荷兰德伦特省阿森的德伦特博物馆展出[112]。

国际太空站上的复制品

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2021年11月，德国太空人马蒂亚斯·毛雷尔（Matthias Maurer）在Crew-3任务中携带了内布拉星象盘的复制品前往国际太空站。毛雷尔是欧洲宇宙之吻任务的一员，他设计了该任务的徽章，灵感来自内布拉星象盘，以及先锋牌匾和旅行者黄金唱片，这些牌匾和唱片携带着来自地球的资讯，被发送到未知的地方[113]。

法律问题

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德国展览德语：鍛造的天空，罗马化：Der geschmiedete Himmel（德语：Der geschmiedete Himmel）展出内布拉星象盘发现情况的复制品。

德国的萨克森-安哈尔特州将该星象盘注册为商标，导致两起诉讼。2003年，萨克森-安哈尔特州成功起诉奎尔富特市，指控其将内布拉星系盘描绘在设计的纪念品上。萨克森-安哈尔特州还成功起诉了派珀出版社（英语：Piper Verlag）和海涅出版社，指控他们在书籍封面上抽象描绘了内布拉星象盘[114]。马德堡法院根据德国版权法（英语：Copyright law of Germany）评估了此案的相关性。

辩护人辩称，作为一种崇拜对象，这张星象盘在青铜时代大约3,500年前就已经“出版”了，因此与之相关的所有知识产权保护早已到期。另一方面，原告辩称，星象盘的原创编辑（英语：Editio princips）是最近的，根据德国法律，保护期为25年，直到2027年。另一个论点涉及一件著名的艺术品是否可以首先注册为商标的问题。马格德堡法院作出有利于萨克森-安哈尔特州的判决。

该案件被提起上诉，根据州高等法院（英语：Oberlandesgericht）杜塞尔多夫2005年和德国联邦最高法院2009年的裁决，最初的裁决被推翻，德国专利商标局撤回了商标权[115]。 此后，萨克森-安哈尔特州在欧盟知识产权局将该光碟的设计注册为商标[116]。

2023年，萨克森-安哈尔特州提交了一份DMCA删除通知，要求从维基共享资源中删除内布拉星象盘的九张影像，声称他们是“内布拉星象盘的独家版权所有人”[117]。德国维基媒体协会，维基媒体基金会的一个分会随后提交了DMCA反通知，称自欧洲议会指令2019/790第14条实施以来，公共领域的视觉作品复制品不可能有此类版权[118]。

图集

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  • 冬至黎明时分的天空与内布拉星象盘的对应[119]。
    冬至黎明时分的天空与内布拉星象盘的对应[119]。
  • 从北纬51°看到的冬至时织女星的路径
    从北纬51°看到的冬至时织女星的路径

流行文化

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内布拉星象盘吸引了伪考古学和新异教主义的兴趣，而超常现象者则推测这和巨石阵以及阿尔卡伊姆相关。 The Nebra Skydisk也同时是美国纽约州宾汉顿一个实验乐团的团名。

相关条目

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nebra Sky Disc. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  2. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The-Past.com. May 2022. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Eiland, Murray. Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc. The Armiger's News. 2003, 25 (2): 1, 9 –通过Academia.edu. 
  4. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  5. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew. 
  6. ^ Joshua Rapp Learn. The Nebra Sky Disk: Is the world's oldest star map really a map at all?. Astronomy Today. May 11, 2021 [30 January 2022]. 
  7. ^ Mentock, Richard. Rethinking the Nebra Sky Disk. Physics Today. November 2021, 74 (11): 10. Bibcode:2021PhT....74k..10M. S2CID 240475208. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4868 可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Crocco, Juan. Essay: What is depicted on the Nebra Sky Disc?. tredition. 2022: 87–102. ISBN 978-3-347-71288-1 （english）. 
  9. ^ Haughton, Brian. The Nebra Sky Disk - Ancient Map of the Stars. World History Encyclopedia. 2011. 
  10. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: The Place of Discovery. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Nebra Sky Disc: Nomination. UNESCO Memory of the World. The Nebra Sky Disc is dated to the early Bronze Age. It was made circa 1800 BC and was in use over several generations until around 1600 BC when it was buried and dedicated to the gods. 
  12. ^ Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Pernicka, Ernst; Adam, Jörg; Borg, Gregor; Brügmann, Gerhard; Bunnefeld, Jan-Heinrich; Kainz, Wolfgang; Klamm, Mechthild; Koiki, Thomas; Meller, Harald; Schwarz, Ralf; Stöllner, Thomas; Wunderlich, Christian-Heinrich; Reichenberger, Alfred. Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results. Archaeologia Austriaca (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 2020, 104: 89–122. S2CID 229208057. doi:10.1553/archaeologia104s89 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 The Nebra Sky Disc Dates from the Early Bronze Age. Austrian Academy of Sciences. 2020. 
  16. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 144. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. 
  17. ^ Nebra Sky Disc. UNESCO Memory of the World. 
  18. ^ Meller, H. Star search. National Geographic. January 2004: 76–8. 
  19. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. the-past.com. 25 May 2022. 
  20. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Secrets of the Star Disc. BBC Science & Nature. Horizon. January 2004. 
  22. ^ Pernicka, E. & Wunderlich, C-H. Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an den Funden von Nebra. Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt: 24–29. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst. Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2011, 23 (6): 895–910 [12 November 2013]. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..895E. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140. 
  24. ^ Haustein, M. Tin isotopy: a new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 2010, 52 (5): 816–832. Bibcode:2010Archa..52..816H. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x. 
  25. ^ Hoffmann, Susanne M. Meller, Harald; Reichenberger, Alfred; Risch, Roberto , 编. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275. 
  26. ^ McIntosh, Jane. Lost Treasures; Civilization's Great Riches Rediscovered. London: Carlton Books. 2010: 16. ISBN 9781847322999. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. both the gold arcs [on the Nebra disc] occupy a very precise angle of between 82 and 83 degrees, a figure that is well beyond the error expected if a right angle was intended. The reason for this seems to be connected to observations of the sun. The arcs mark the full range of points on the horizon at which the sun sets and rises in a solar year. The terminal of each arc inscribes the summer solstice sunrise and sunset and the winter solstice sunrise and sunset as seen from the latitude of the Mittelberg 3,600 years ago. ... The marking of solstice sunrise and sunset at monuments such as Stonehenge was about the expression of religious and symbolic ideas linking the monument to the cycles of the cosmos. The same concerns were probably true of the Sky Disc, which had the benefit of being a portable and possesable object. 
  28. ^ PM 2Ring. Where does the ecliptic cross the horizon during the course of a night?. astronomy.stackexchange.com. [28 May 2024]. 
  29. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 可免费查阅. 
  31. ^ Meller, H. Die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra – ein frühbronzezeitlicher Fund von außergewohnlicher Bedeutung. Archäeologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. 2002, 1/02: 7–30 （德语）. 
  32. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc. Archaeology. June 2019. In the first phase, the disc showed the night sky with 32 gold stars, including the Pleiades, a gold orb representing the sun or a full moon, and a crescent moon. It served as a reminder of when it was necessary to synchronize the lunar and solar years by inserting a leap month. This phenomenon occurred when the three-and-a-half-day-old moon—the crescent moon on the disc—was visible at the same time as the Pleiades. 'The astronomical rules that are depicted wouldn't be imaginable without decades of intensive observation,' says Harald Meller, director of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. 'Until the Sky Disc was discovered, no one thought prehistoric people capable of such precise astronomical knowledge.' 
  33. ^ Symonds, Matthew. The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The Past. 2022-05-25. 
  34. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. (on the disc) there is a distinctive rosette of seven stars clustered between the full and crescent moons. These are identified as the Pleiades or Seven Sisters, recognised by many world cultures as calendar stars, since they are last seen in the night sky in March and only reappear again in October. ... The path of the sun provides a measure of the time of day and year, while the moon can do the same in measuring out months and weeks based on its regular cycles. A problem arises, however, when it comes to equating the solar and lunar years. The former is eleven days longer than the later and after three years the difference is equivalent to about a month. To bring the two calendars into harmony a rule is needed. The first written record of such a rule comes from a Babylonian cuneiform tablet dating to the seventh or sixth centuries BC, which advises to add a leap month every third year if no new moon appears next to the Pleiades in the spring but rather a crescent moon a few days old. That arrangement of heavenly bodies is precisely what the Sky Disc seems to show, reflecting an ingenious materialisation of a complex astronomical and calendrical rule without the need for writing. 
  35. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. The synchronisation key of the first phase [of the Nebra disc] allowed the longer solar year (approximately 365 days) to be harmonised with the shorter lunar year (around 354 days). Each year in spring, the crescent moon passed close to the Pleiades, appearing with different widths, depending on the lunar phase. The appearance of a 4.5 day-old crescent moon next to the Pleiades, as shown on the Sky Disc, meant that an extra month should have been added, since the solar and lunar years differed by approximately one month after every three years. 
  36. ^ Meller, Harald. Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge (British Museum 2022). 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. 
  38. ^ Bunnefeld, J.; Becker, J.; Martin, L.; Pausewein, R.; Simon, S.; Meller, H. Baltic Amber in Aššur. Forms and Significance of Amber Exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c.2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica. 2023, 92 (2): 228–243. S2CID 258250358. doi:10.1163/16000390-20210031. 
  39. ^ Feller, Manfred; Koch, Johannes. Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe doch nicht gelöst? Warum die angebliche Entschlüsselung der Himmelsscheibe durch R. Hansen und H. Meller falsch ist. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 
  40. ^ Wolfschmidt, Gudrun. Astronomy in Culture -- Cultures of Astronomy. Astronomie in der Kultur -- Kulturen der Astronomie. Featuring the Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting at the Annual Conference of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Sept. 14-16, 2021. Nuncius Hamburgensis; Vol. 57.. Susanne M. Hoffmann, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Tredition GmbH Hamburg. Ahrensburg. 2022. ISBN 978-3-347-71293-5. OCLC 1351570492. 
  41. ^ Hoffmann, Susanne. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275. 
  42. ^ Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum. 2022. 
  43. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  44. ^ Moore, Stewart. Which way is up?. British Astronomical Association. [2025-03-30]. 
  45. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. Zudem vergehen bei einer 4,5 Tage alten Mondsichel nicht wie üblich 29 oder 30 Tage seit dem letzten Neulicht, sondern 32 Tage. Dies korrespondiert mit den 32 Sternen, die auf der Himmelsscheibe in der ersten Phase abgebildet waren, sodass die Schaltregel wohl sogar doppelt verschlüsselt in diesem auf den ersten Blick simplen Bildwerk dargestellt ist. Das große runde Goldobjekt könnte zugleich Vollmond und Sonne repräsentieren. Die 32 Sterne der ersten Phase verkörpern dann 32 Sonnenjahre, denen – zählt man Vollmond / Sonne hinzu – 33 Mondjahre entsprechen (Hansen 2007). English translation: "with a 4.5-day old crescent moon, not 29 or 30 days elapse since the last new light, as is usually the case, but 32 days. This corresponds with the 32 stars that were depicted on the sky disc in the first phase, so that the leap rule is probably even depicted in a doubly coded way in this, at first sight, simple pictorial work. The large round gold object could represent both the full moon and the sun. The 32 stars of the first phase then embody 32 solar years, to which - if one adds the full moon / sun - 33 lunar years correspond (Hansen 2007). 
  46. ^ The difference between solar and lunar years. Sciencing.com. 2018. 
  47. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. 
  48. ^ Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte - ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 97–98. 
  49. ^ Sommerfeld, Christoph. ... Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe. Preaehistorische Zeitschrift. 2012, 87 (1): 110–131. S2CID 163304521. doi:10.1515/pz-2012-0006. 
  50. ^ Sommerfel, Christoph. ... nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 2010, 85 (2): 207–242. S2CID 164902130. doi:10.1515/pz.2010.012. 
  51. ^ Menghin, Wilfried. Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 157–169. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505. 
  52. ^ Herten, Friedel; Waldmann, Georg. Functional principles of early time measurement at Stonehenge and Nebra. Archäologische Informationen. 2018, 41: 275–288. 
  53. ^ Hesiod, Works and Days (Hes. WD 387). Perseus.tufts.edu. 
  54. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. The Greek poet Hesiod, writing in c. 700 BC, noted that '[w]hen the Pleiades rise it is the time to use the sickle, but the plough when they are setting'. Their disappearance and appearance has been seen historically as a marker of the beginning and end of the farming year in Europe [...] In the region of Germany where the disc was found, the Pleiades is last seen in the sky on 10 March, alongside the young, crescent moon. The full moon accompanies the reappearance of the constellation on 17 October. On the disc, the Pleiades is tellingly placed between the crescent and full moons, suggesting an awareness of this celestial rhythm. 
  55. ^ McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 233. 2016. 
  56. ^ Echassoux, Annie; et al. Rock carvings of the Pleiads in the sacred mont Bego mountain, Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2009, 8 (5): 461–469. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.00 (不活跃 22 February 2025). 
  57. ^ Hager, Helen. Targeting celestial bodies – News regarding the “Kalenderstein” (calendar stone) in Leodagger (Lower Austria). PROCEEDINGS PUBLICATIONS OF THE ERBE-SYMPOSIUM 2. 2021. 
  58. ^ Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (编). Himmelswelten und Kosmovisionen. Tredition. 2020. ISBN 9783347024304. 
  59. ^ Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy. 
  60. ^ Gold und Kult der Bronzezeit. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg. 2003: 47. ISBN 3-926982-95-0. 
  61. ^ Ilon, Gabor. The Golden Treasure from Szent Vid in Velem. Archaeolingua. 2015: 73. In the Nordic Bronze Age, sets of 7 and 28 appear on the Aspeberget rock carvings, one of which portrays a figure holding a sistrum-like object in its right hand, depicted by twenty-eight cup marks arranged in four rows of seven each. In his study devoted to ancient astronomy, Flemming Kaul suggested that it depicted the four lunar phases and the lunar months 
  62. ^ Greek civilization. Gold signet ring with worship scene, female figures, landscape, sun and moon. From Mycenae, Acropolis treasure. Athens, Ethnikó Arheologikó Moussío (National Archaeological Museum). agefotostock. 
  63. ^ Rappenglück, Michael. Cosmovisions Put Upon a Disk: Another View of the Nebra Disk. Silva, Fabio; Malville, Kim; Lomsdalen, Tore; Ventura, Frank (编). The Materiality of the Sky: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual SEAC Conference, 2014. Sophia Centre Press. 2016: 58. ISBN 978-1907767-09-8. 
  64. ^ Pasztor, Emilia; Roslund, Curt. An interpretation of the Nebra Disc. Antiquity. 2007, 81 (312): 267–78. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095168. 
  65. ^ Valavanis, Panos; Nagy, Gregory. The Sun in Greek Culture and Art. The Sun in Myth and Art. Thames & Hudson. 1993: 280–293. 
  66. ^ Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354. waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary. 
  67. ^ Trckova-Flamee, Alena. Poppy goddess. Encyclopedia Mythica. 2005. The image of the so-called Poppy Goddess appears in pre-Hellenic iconography. She is represented as a large female figurine with raised hands in a gesture of greeting or blessing. [...] A goddess with the same emblems — three poppies — in her hand is depicted also in a gold signet ring from Mycenae. [...] The role of this goddess was correlated together with her attributes — poppies and its effects in a form of opium. [...] The motif of a seated goddess (who was called Demeter) on a throne with poppies in her hand is found on a Greek vase (plate) of the fifth century BCE. There is presently not enough evidence to connect a real name to this so-called Poppy Goddess of the pre-Hellenic period; nevertheless there are links to the Greek pantheon and to a ritual performed, later in honor of the goddess Demeter. 
  68. ^ Ridderstad, Marianna. Evidence of Minoan astronomy and calendrical practices. 2009. arXiv:0910.4801 可免费查阅 [physics.hist-ph]. The scene on the ring [from Mycenae] shows the sun, the moon, and what looks like the Milky Way on the sky, as well as the "Poppy Goddess" seated under a tree [...] The poppy flower of the Minoan 'Poppy Goddess' was associated in Classical Greek art with many goddesses, but, especially, it was the symbol of Demeter, who as the great mother and fertility goddess had a cult that had its origin in Minoan-Mycenaean times [...] as the Palaikastro mould shows, the Poppy Goddess was not only a chthonic fertility goddess, but also the goddess of celestial cycles. 
  69. ^ Askitopoulou, Helen; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Konsolaki, Eleni. Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world. International Congress Series. December 2002, 1242 (3): 23–29. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0. 
  70. ^ Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Der minoische Kalender – eine Brücke von Babylon nach Nebra. Orientierung, Navigation und Zeitbestimmung – Wie der Himmel den Lebensraum des Menschen prägt. Nuncius Hamburgensis - Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 42.. Tredition. 2019: 432–461. ISBN 978-3-7482-1146-4. 
  71. ^ 71.0 71.1 MacGillivray, Joseph. The Minoan Double Axe Goddess and Her Astral Realm. Athanasia. The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. N. Ch. Stampolidis, A. Kanta and A. Giannikouri (eds.). MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2012. ISBN 978-960-7143-40-2. 
  72. ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Demeter ... she of the golden double-axe 
  73. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. The rise of Bronze Age society. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 192–193. ISBN 9780521843638. 
  74. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Suchowska-Ducke, Paulina. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (Cambridge University Press). December 2015, 81: 361–392. doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 可免费查阅. 
  75. ^ Pokutta, Dalia. Food and cooking in the Únětice culture. Boroffka, Nikolaus (编). Carpathian heartlands: studies on the prehistory and history of Transsylvania in European contexts, dedicated to Horia Ciugudean on his 60th birthday. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii. 2016: 143. 
  76. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew. 
  77. ^ Cahill, Mary. Here comes the sun...: Solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland需要免费注册. Archaeology Ireland. Spring 2015, 29 (1): 26–33 –通过Academia.edu. 
  78. ^ McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 167–182. 2016. 
  79. ^ Lahelma, Antti. The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art. North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia. Oxbow Books. 2017: 144–171. ISBN 978-1-78570-820-6. 
  80. ^ West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759. 
  81. ^ West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759. 
  82. ^ Massetti, Laura. Antimachus's Enigma: On Erytheia, the Latvian Sun-goddess and a Red Fish. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 2019, 47: 223–240. synchronic analysis of Greek passages dealing with the journey of Helios reveals that the poetic image of the golden ‘cup, vessel’ hints at the solar boat. 
  83. ^ Meller, Harald. The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Caergwrle Ship. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022. 
  84. ^ The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Nors Boats. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022. 
  85. ^ Life and Belief During the Bronze Age" Neues Museum, Berlin. [13 March 2022]. Gold vessels in the Eberswalde hoard bear sun and circular symbols like those on the Berlin gold hat. Some of these contain calendrical information as well. The base of a bowl [from the Eberswalde hoard] is formed from ten, or counting the centre disc, eleven concentric circles topped by a band of 22 circular discs. This corresponds to the number of solar years (10+22=32) and together with the centre disc the number of lunar years (11+22=33) until the solar and lunar calendars are in alignment. 
  86. ^ The Sky Disc of Nebra: A window to the Bronze Age world in Europe and beyond. (Ernst Pernicka). HEAS. 2022. 
  87. ^ Meller, Harald. The Sky Disc of Nebra. Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford University Press. 2013: 266–269. 
  88. ^ Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）. 
  89. ^ Tacitus, Germania. 9. perseus.tufts.edu. 
  90. ^ Bleeker, C.J. Hathor and Thoth. Leiden. 1973: 73. ISBN 90-04-03734-9. 
  91. ^ Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2003: 148–149, 160. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7. 
  92. ^ Hopkins, Joseph S.; Þorgeirsson, Haukur. The Ship in the Field. RMN Newsletter. 2011: 14–18. 
  93. ^ Arrhenius, Birgit. Brisingamen and the Menet necklace. Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 2009: 219–230. This article discusses the jewellery worn by the goddess Freyja, the Brisingamen. ... its origin may have been the Menet (alternatively Menat or Menit) – originally the necklace of the cow god Hathor which in the Greco-Roman time was taken over by the fertility goddess Isis. 
  94. ^ Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 34–38. 2017. 
  95. ^ Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 14, 37. 2017. 
  96. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7. the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc. 
  97. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7. the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc. 
  98. ^ 98.0 98.1 Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum Events. 2023. 
  99. ^ Darvill, Timothy. Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Time and Mind. 2016, 9 (2): 89–121. S2CID 164201703. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496. each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World. 
  100. ^ Herodotus, Histories, 2.156. perseus.tufts.edu. Apollo and Artemis were (they say) children of Dionysus and Isis, and Leto was made their nurse and preserver; in Egyptian, Apollo is Horus, Demeter Isis, Artemis Bubastis. It was from this legend and no other that Aeschylus son of Euphorion took a notion which is in no poet before him: that Artemis was the daughter of Demeter. 
  101. ^ Pásztor, Emilia, Nebra Disk, Ruggles, Clive L. N. (编), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, New York: Springer Science+Business Media: 1349–1356, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_128 
  102. ^ Stonehenge's Richest Man: The Bush Barrow Chieftain (British Museum 2022). The point at the top and the bottom [of the Bush Barrow gold lozenge] has a very precise angle of 81 degrees. That's the same angle between where the sun rises at midwinter and midsummer solstices, so it has an astronomical importance. And the very finely detailed embossed decoration, particularly around the outer border, is laid out to a tolerance of less than half a millimetre. What that tells us is they understood astronomy, geometry and mathematics, 4,000 years ago. 
  103. ^ Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 可免费查阅. The potential observation of the horizon arc described by the Sun during its annual motion is exemplified by another impressive find from the Early Bronze Age: A diamond-shaped gold plaque of extraordinary quality was excavated in a burial under Bush Barrow in Wiltshire, southern England, less than a mile away from Stonehenge. ... Both objects, the Nebra Sky Disc and the Bush Barrow Lozenge, are unique in their appearance, but they may be related in their ritual and possibly astronomical relevance. 
  104. ^ MacKie, Euan. The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out-of-fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence. Time and Mind. March 2009, 2 (1): 9–46. S2CID 162360353. doi:10.2752/175169709X374263. Ker and his colleagues found the pair of acute angles of the basic diamond pattern [of the Bush Barrow lozenge] to be 81°. They realized that this was the angle between midsummer and midwinter sunrises (and sunsets of course) on a low horizon at the latitude of Stonehenge (51.17° N) four thousand years ago. ... The Nebra disc and the Bush Barrow lozenge both seem to be designed to reflect the annual solar cycle at about latitude 51° north, and both have elements in their design which could refer specifically to the solar calendar. 
  105. ^ MacKie, E. New evidence for a professional priesthood in the European Early Bronze Age?. Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (编). Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. 2006: 343–362. ISBN 1-882572-38-6. 
  106. ^ Where did the gold from the time of Stonehenge come from? Analysing the Bush Barrow dagger. Wiltshire Museum. 2019 [26 April 2022]. 
  107. ^ Gerloff, Sabine. Von Troja an die Saale, von Wessex nach Mykene – Chronologie, Fernverbindungen und Zinnrouten der Frühbronzezeit Mittel- und Westeuropas. Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (编). Der Griff nach den Sternen. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. Februar 2005. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2010: 603–639. ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5. This phase also includes the hoard of Nebra with its famous disc showing gold-plated heavenly bodies. Its plating technique is generally connected to Mycenaean metalwork. It will be shown, however, that this technique together with that of metal inlay had its origins in Britain, where it was already applied to organic material during the first phase of the Early Bronze Age, and flourished during the second and third phases when it was introduced on the continent and used on prestige metalwork. 
  108. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra - Eine Komödie der Irrungen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. March 17, 2005 [2010-05-12] （德语）. 
  109. ^ Gebhard, Rupert; Krause, Rüdiger. Critical comments on the find complex of the so-called Nebra Sky Disk. Archäologische Informationen. 2020, 43: 325–346. doi:10.11588/ai.2020.1. 
  110. ^ Arche Nebra Visitor Centre. i art. [17 June 2024]. 
  111. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: British Museum to display world's 'oldest map of stars'. BBC News. 2021-10-17 [2021-10-18] （英国英语）. 
  112. ^ Nebra Sky Disc （英语）. [永久失效链接]
  113. ^ Cosmic Kiss takes the Nebra Sky Disc to space. European Space Agency. （原始内容存档于31 March 2022）. 
  114. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. [2009-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19） （德语）. 
  115. ^ Aktenzeichen: 305 07 066 - S 216/09 Lösch (PDF). Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt Dienststell Jena. 27 July 2010. 
  116. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. European Union Intellectual Property Office. 6 May 2011 [4 August 2022]. 
  117. ^ Nordemann Czychowski & Partner. Notice of Copyright Violation (DMCA Takedown Notice) (PDF). [24 October 2023]. 
  118. ^ Wikimedia Deutschland. Counternotice to the DMCA 512(c) notice filed by Nordemann Czychowski & Partner Rechtsanwältinnen und Rechtsanwälte mbB (ref.: LARC60105) Oct 13th 2023 on behalf of the German State of Saxony-Anhalt regarding depictions of the Sky Disc of Nebra (PDF). [24 October 2023]. 
  119. ^ Simulation and procedure of using disc to declare intercalary months.. 

延伸阅读

[编辑]
  • Ute Kaufholz: Sonne, Mond und Sterne. Das Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe. Anderbeck, Anderbeck 2004, ISBN 3-937751-05-X
  • Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, Halle 1.2002, S.7–31. ISSN 0072-940X
  • Frank Hagen von Liegnitz: Die Sonnenfrau Weihnachtsgabe der WeserStrom Genossenschaft, Bremen 2002.
  • Harald Meller (Hrsg.): Der geschmiedete Himmel. Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren. Ausstellungskatalog. Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1907-9
  • Katja Näther, Sven Näther: Akte Nebra – Keine Sonne auf der Himmelsscheibe? Naether, Wilhelmshorst 2004, ISBN 3934858023
  • National Geographic Deutschland. Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg 2004,1, S.38–61, ISBN 3-936559-85-6
  • Uwe Reichert: Der geschmiedete Himmel. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Heidelberg 2004,11, S.52–59. ISSN 0170-2971
  • Der Sternenkult der Ur-Germanen. Titelbericht im Nachrichtenmagazin DER SPIEGEL vom 25.11.2002.

进阶阅读

[编辑]
  • Ute Kaufholz: Sonne, Mond und Sterne. Das Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe. Anderbeck, Anderbeck 2004, ISBN 3-937751-05-X
  • Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, Halle 1.2002, S.7–31. ISSN 0072-940X
  • Frank Hagen von Liegnitz: Die Sonnenfrau. Weihnachtsgabe der WeserStrom Genossenschaft, Bremen 2002.
  • Harald Meller (Hrsg.): Der geschmiedete Himmel. Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren. Ausstellungskatalog. Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1907-9
  • Katja Näther, Sven Näther: Akte Nebra – Keine Sonne auf der Himmelsscheibe? Naether, Wilhelmshorst 2004, ISBN 3-934858-02-3
  • National Geographic Deutschland. Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg 2004,1, S.38–61, ISBN 3-936559-85-6
  • Uwe Reichert: Der geschmiedete Himmel. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Heidelberg 2004,11, S.52–59. ISSN 0170-2971
  • Ch. Sommerfeld : ...Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 87(1) 2012, S. 110–131. ISSN 1613-0804
  • Diedrich, Cajus: The "Sky Disk of Nebra" – revision to daily life "marriage and fertility" in the final Hallstatt (Early Iron Age, HaC-D) times. American Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21, 2021, 1–26. http://journalsonline.org/american-journal-of-humanities-and-social-science/
  • Andreas Müller-Karpe, Die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra und ihre anatolischen Bezüge, Marburg 2021, ISBN 978-3-8185-0563-9.

外部链接

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