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內布拉星象盤

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內布拉星象盤

內布拉星象盤（德語：Himmelsscheibe von Nebra， 發音：[ˈhɪml̩sˌʃaɪbə fɔn ˈneːbra]；英語：Nebra sky disc）是一個直徑約為30 cm（12英寸）的青銅盤，有著藍綠色的銅鏽，並鑲嵌著以黃金打造的符號[1][2]。這些符號通常被解釋為太陽或滿月，月球的眉月和恆星，包括一個由七顆恆星組成的星團，被合理的被解釋為昴宿星團[3][4]。

貼在兩邊的兩條金色弧線，已經缺少了一條，被認為標誌著兩至點之間的角度。底部具有內部平行線的另一個弧形通常被解釋為具有許多槳的太陽船[5]，但是一些學者也提出它可能代表彩虹 [6]、北極光 [7]、一顆彗星[8]或鐮刀[9]。

1999年，這個圓盤在德國萨克森-安哈尔特的內布拉的米特爾貝格山上被發現.[10]。考古學家將其定年在约1800–1600 BC，並歸屬於青銅時代早期的烏尼蒂茨文化（英语：Unetice culture）[11][12]。 對圓盤、圓盤上發現的物品和發現地點的各種科學分析證實了青銅時代早期的年代測定[13][14][15]。

內布拉星象盤是世界上已知的最古老的天文現象的具體描繪[1][16][13]。2013年6月，它被列入聯合國教科文組織世界記憶名錄，並被稱為「二十世紀最重要的考古發現之一[17]。」

發現

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內布拉星象盤發現時狀況模擬

1999年，尋寶獵人亨利·韋斯特法爾（英語：Henry Westphal）和馬里奧·倫納（英語：Mario Renner）在用金屬探測器尋寶時發現了這個圓盤，以及兩把青銅劍、兩套斧頭、一把鑿子和螺旋臂章碎片。考古文物是薩克森-安哈爾特州的財產。兩人沒有尋寶執照，知道他們的活動構成侵占考古文物，是非法的。他們用鏟子損壞了圓盤，並摧毀了部分遺址。第二天，他們以31,000德國馬克的價格將全部藏品賣給了科隆的一位經銷商。在接下來的兩年裏，這些藏品在德國境內轉手易主了好幾次，售價已高達100萬德國馬克。到2001年，關於它存在的消息已經是公開的秘密[來源請求]。

2002年2月，國家考古學家赫拉德·梅勒（英語：Harald Meller）在巴塞爾警方領導的一次誘捕行動中，以70萬德國馬克的價格從一對夫婦那裡獲得了這個星象盤[18]。最初的發現者最終被追補到案。在認罪協商中，他們帶領警察和考古學家前往發現地點。考古學家在現場進行了挖掘，發現了支持掠奪者說法的證據。地下有青銅文物的痕迹，現場的土壤與文物上發現的土壤樣本相匹配。該圓盤及其附帶的發現物由位於德國薩克森-安哈爾特州哈雷市的哈雷州立史前博物館（英语：Halle State Museum of Prehistory）保存。

2003年9月，瑙姆堡法院分別判處兩名掠奪者四個月和十個月的刑期。他們提出上訴，但上訴法院分別將他們的刑期提高到六個月和十二個月。

發現地點是一個史前時期的圍場 (考古)（英语：Enclosure (archaeology)），位於萊比錫西方 60 公里的米特爾貝格山（Mittelberg，中央山），被齊格羅達森林（英语：Ziegelrodar Forst）環繞著的一座高 252 公尺的小山丘頂部，是一個史前時期的圍場 (考古)（英语：Enclosure (archaeology)）。眾所周知，周圍地區在新石器時代就有人定居，齊格羅達森林約有1000個石欄。

在圍場的位置，似乎每年夏至太陽都會落在西北方80公里（50英里）的哈茲山脈的最高峰布羅肯峰後面。尋寶者聲稱，這些文物是在河岸和溝渠圍欄內的一個坑內發現的。

該地的史前遺跡則是由附近更加古老的革塞克圓環所確認。

定年

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参见：烏尼蒂茨文化
與圓盤一起發現的劍[19]。
其它相關發現：鑿子、斧頭、手鐲。

與圓盤一起埋葬的斧頭和劍的類型可追溯到西元前1500年。劍柄中發現的樺樹皮遺跡已被放射性碳定年確定為西元前1600年至1560年之間，證實了這一估計。這與埋葬日期相對應，當時這個星象盤可能已經存在了幾代人[11]。對金屬放射性和圓盤上腐蝕層的分析進一步支持了青銅時代早期的定年[20][21]。

金屬的來源

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根據佩爾尼卡（英語：E.Pernicka）當時在弗萊貝格工業大學通過X射线荧光光谱仪對微量元素的初步分析，銅起源於奧地利的比紹夫斯霍芬，而金被認為來自喀爾巴阡山脈[22]。最近的一項分析發現，第一個開發階段（見下文）使用的黃金來自英格蘭南部康沃爾郡的卡農河（英语：Carnon River）[23]。青銅中的錫也來自康沃爾郡[24]。

歷史

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按照保存情况，內布拉星象盤的製造被認為分成四個階段（Meller 2004）：

  1. 最初，圓盤上有32個小圓金圈、一個大圓盤和一個大新月形盤。圓盤被解釋為太陽或滿月，新月形被解釋為[月相|眉月]]（或經歷食的太陽或月亮），圓點被解釋為恆星，聚在一起的七個圓點可能代表一個星團。這個星團被認為是指昴宿星團[13]，或者可能是星團的一般符號[25]。
  2. 在稍後的某個日期，在圓盤相對的邊緣添加了兩個弧形（由其化學雜質所示，是不同來源的黃金構成）。為了給這些弧線騰出空間，從左側將一個小圓移動到圓盤中心，並覆蓋了右側的兩個圓，這樣就只留下看到的三十個圓點。這兩條弧線跨越82°的角度，正確地顯示了米特爾貝格山（中央山）的緯度（北緯51°）在夏季和冬季至日太陽出或沒的位置改變的角度[26][27]。這些弧線與太陽的路徑——黃道有關。鑒於古代天文學家知道標記黃道的行星和許多恆星，他們可以在一個冬夜觀察到它在弧線內掃過地平線，而不僅僅是一整年的日出和日落[28]。因此，這些弧線完全符合夜間使用。
  3. 最後添加的是底部的另一個弧形，被標識為太陽船 [29]，同樣由黃金製成，但來源不同。
  4. 當圓盤被埋入地下時，它的周圍也有38到40個孔，每個孔的直徑大約為3毫米（0.12英寸）。由於盤的邊緣損壞，準確的數量變得模糊不清[30]。
  • 1) 左邊是太陽或滿月，右邊是眉月，上面和中間是昴宿星團
    1) 左邊是太陽或滿月，右邊是眉月，上面和中間是昴宿星團
  • 2) 在地平線上為日出和日落區域添加了弧線；單個恆星被移動和/或覆蓋
    2) 在地平線上為日出和日落區域添加了弧線；單個恆星被移動和/或覆蓋
  • 3) 添加「太陽船」
    3) 添加「太陽船」
  • 4) 圓盤當前狀態的示意圖（一顆恆星和太陽的一部分——或滿月——已經恢復）
    4) 圓盤當前狀態的示意圖（一顆恆星和太陽的一部分——或滿月——已經恢復）

意義

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解釋星象盤意義的視頻
夏至時太陽日落位置剛好在布洛肯山方向
春分和秋分時太陽在星象盤邊緣上的位置
冬至時太陽日落位置到達最南方

此一發現被認為再次證實了歐洲青銅時代人們的天文知識和能力，包括對太陽的年變化，以及夏季和冬季至日的太陽升起和落下點之間角度的密切觀察。雖然更古老的土方工程 (考古學)（英语：Earthworks (archaeology)）和巨石文化的天文綜合體（英语：Astronomical complex），如戈瑟克圓環和巨石陣，已經被用來標記至點，但圓盤以便攜式物體的形式呈現了這些知識[27]。這個圓盤可能既有實用的天文學目的，也有宗教意義[31][3]。

日曆規則

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圓盤上昴宿星團與眉月的結合被認為代表了陽曆和陰曆同步的日曆規則，從而能够創建陰陽曆[32]。這些規則是從古代巴比倫尼亞文本集中標題為MUL.APIN（英语：MUL.APIN）的一系列文字中得知的[33]。根據綱要中的七條規則之一，如圓盤上所示，當春季只有幾天大的眉月出現在昴宿星團出旁邊時，應該添加一個閏月。這種合相大約每三年發生一次[34][35][36]。

儘管在內布拉圓盤上比在巴比倫尼亞更早得到證實，但哈拉爾德·梅勒（英语：Harald Meller）表明，關於這一規則的知識可能是通過長途貿易和接觸從巴比倫尼亞傳到中歐的[37]。波羅的海琥珀珠子是在伊拉克的ašššur的大型金字塔下的一個基礎礦床中發現的，其歷史可追溯到西元前1800年至1750年，這表明在內布拉星象盤形成時，這兩個地區之間存在聯系[38]。然而，一些亞述學家和天文學家拒絕將N內布拉盤與MUL.APAN進行比較[39][40][41]。

圓盤側面的金色條紋標誌著夏至和冬至[37][42]， 頂部代表地平線[43]和北方。這與現代星圖相反，現代星圖旨在被高舉並從下方觀察，而不像地理的地圖那樣讓我們（想像我們可以）從上方向下俯視[44]。

圓盤上描繪的恆星數量（32）也被認為很重要，可能對日曆規則進行了數位編碼。首先，圓盤上描繪的眉月和昴宿星團的合相發生在最後一次「新光」（當月第一個可見新月）後的32天之後，而不是之前[45]。其次，由於一個農曆年（354天）比一個太陽年（365天）短11天，因此32個太陽年的長度等於33個陰曆年（誤差僅為兩天）。也就是說，32 x 365 = 11680天，33 x 354 = 11682天[46]。這個32個太陽年的週期在圓盤上可以用32顆星星加上太陽（或滿月）來表示，加起來就是33顆[47][48]。

考古學家克里斯托夫·索默菲爾德認為，這個圓盤編碼了19年陰陽合曆週期的默冬章[49]。根據索末菲的說法，默冬章週期在特倫德霍姆太陽戰車的圓盤上也有類似的編碼，可以追溯到西元前1500年左右[50]。默冬章也被認為是青銅時代晚期柏林金帽的編碼，其特徵是一個由19顆「星月」符號組成的帶[51]。

一些作者認為，圓盤邊緣周圍的針孔數量（大約38到40個）具有天文學意義。由於圓盤損壞，確切的數量尚不清楚。[30][52]。

內布拉星象盤被比作希臘詩人赫西俄德的一段話，寫於西元前700年左右，其中描述了昴宿星團在組織農業年中的作用：

"當阿特拉斯的女兒昴宿星團升起時，開始收割，並在它們即將落下時耕種。四十個日夜，它們被隱藏起來，隨著歲月的流逝，當你第一次磨鐮刀時，它們又會再次出現。這是平原的法則，那些住在海邊、居住在富裕國家、遠離波濤洶湧的大海的峽谷和窪地的人的法則，如果你想在適當的時候收穫得墨忒耳的所有果實，每種果實都可以在它的季節生長。這是平原的法則，也是那些生活在海邊、居住在富裕國家、遠離波濤洶湧的大海的峽谷和窪地的人的法則——如果你想在適當的時候收穫得到得墨忒耳的所有水果，帶去播種，帶去耕種，帶去收割，每種水果都可以在它的季節生長[53][54]。"

昂宿星團的描繪也可以從青銅時代早期的一些岩石雕刻中得知，例如在南阿爾卑斯山的貝戈山[55][56]和奧地利的「日曆石」上（萊奧匕首日曆石（德语：Kalenderstein von Leogug）），這是一個與非主流文化相關的祭祀場所，可能起到了日曆的作用[57][58]。內布拉星象盤與北歐青銅時代的岩畫有一些相似之處，其中一些被認為具有日曆的意義[59][60][61]。

神話

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西元前15世紀邁錫尼的金圖章戒指，帶有類似的天體影像[62]。

西元前15世紀，希臘邁錫尼的一枚金圖章戒指上出現了類似於內布拉圓盤的太陽和新月的描繪[63][64][65]。在太陽和月亮之下，有一個坐著的女性形象，手裡拿著三朵罌粟，被認為是自然和生育女神，可能是米諾斯罌粟女神（英语：Poppy goddess），也可能是狄蜜特女神的早期形態[66][67][68][69]。內布拉星象盤上的金色弧線也與米諾斯雙斧或「雙刃釜」相似，後者位於金圖章戒指的中心，被認為是米諾斯女神的主要象徵，也是狄蜜特的象徵[70][71][72]。根據考古學家 克利斯蒂安·克利斯蒂安森（英语：Kristian Kristiansen (archaeologist)），類似於邁錫尼圖章戒指上的圖像出現在北歐青銅時代岩畫中，來自瑞典的國王的墳墓（英语：The King's Grave），其歷史可以追溯到西元前16至15世紀，而波羅的海琥珀則在邁錫尼精英的豎井墳墓（英语：Grave Circle A, Mycenae）中被發現[73][74]。在非主流文化的定居點也發現了罌粟，它可能被用於崇拜儀式[75]。

太陽船

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圓盤底部的金弧通常被解釋為神話中的太陽船，它承載著太陽度過白天和黑夜[37]。金弧兩側的短線可能代表一大群船員的槳[76]。根據考古學家哈拉爾德·梅勒（Harald Meller）的說法，這些圖像「在歐洲迄今不為人知」，可能起源於古埃及，並可能通過廣泛的聯繫和旅行到達中歐[37]。相比之下，考古學家瑪麗·卡希爾（Mary Cahill）認為，太陽船已經被描繪在來自非主流文化發展出來的[[貝爾陶器文化#太陽象徵主義]貝爾陶器文化]]中的金月球（英语：Gold lunula）上[77]。太陽船甚至可能被描繪在新石器時代或更早的岩石藝術上[78][79]。

太陽船或容器也出現在後來的原始印歐神話傳統：在拉脫維亞人的民歌中，太陽女神紹萊斯在一艘金船上過夜，而在阿闥婆吠陀中，太陽被兩次告知「阿蒂亞，你為了幸福登上了一艘一百槳的船[80]。」在希臘神話中，太陽的容器呈金碗或杯子的形式，可能類似於內布拉船的碗狀形狀[81][82]。青銅時代的類似文物包括來自威爾士的類似船隻的廣場碗（英语：Caergwrle Bow）[83]和丹麥的微型黃金船[84]。青銅時代晚期的金碗，如德國的埃伯斯瓦爾德寶藏（英语：Eberswalde Hoard），以圓形太陽符號為特徵，其中一些可能包含曆法資訊，包括內布拉星象盤上可能描繪的32個太陽年和33個陰曆年的等值[85][86]。

從西元前1,600年左右開始，北歐青銅時代就有許多關於太陽船的描繪[87]。其中許多是平底船，但有些有類似於內布拉船的彎曲形狀。其中一些描繪顯示人們在船上表演向後彎曲或向後跳躍，考古學家魯恩·艾弗森（Rune Iversen）將其與埃及的類似描繪聯系起來，埃及的描繪顯示了在節日期間為女神哈索爾表演的向後彎曲舞蹈[88]。它們也可能與羅馬歷史學家塔西佗後來的說法有關，他說日爾曼的苏维汇人以船的形式崇拜女神苏维汇人的「伊希斯」（英语："Isis" of the Suebi）[89]。從新王國開始，伊希斯就被等同於哈索爾，兩位女神都與太陽船有關，通常被描繪在船的船首，她們駕駛並保護著這艘船[90][91]。後來的希臘人也將兩者與女神德墨忒耳聯繫在一起[71]。

歷史學家Joseph S.Hopkins和HaukurÞorgeirsson將塔西佗的「蘇伊比的伊西斯」與挪威女神[[[弗蕾亞]]聯系起來，認為弗蕾亞與古挪威文字中的船，特別是與斯堪的納維亞的石船，意象之間存在很强的聯繫[92][93]。弗蕾亞和她的雙胞胎兄弟弗雷爾（Freyr）都具有與太陽神相關的特徵[94]，包括屬於弗雷爾的金色船「斯基德普拉特尼」，它可能代表一艘太陽船[95]。

神聖的雙胞胎

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根據克里斯蒂安·克里斯蒂安森的說法，存放在內布拉星象盤上的成對劍和斧頭代表了神話中的神聖雙胞胎（英语：Divine twins），後來在希臘被稱為卡斯托和波路克斯兄弟（Dioscuri），在印度被稱為雙馬童（Ashvins），還有其它印歐傳統中[96]。其他青銅時代的墓葬中也有類似的陪葬物。克里斯蒂安森進一步提出，與「Dioscuri」相關的星座雙子座星座可能位於圓盤中太陽船旁邊的下方[97]。考古學家蒂莫西·達爾維爾（英语：Timothy Darvill）提出，這些成對的陪葬物與內布拉星象盤和巨石陣的三石塔（英语：Trilithon）之間存在著聯繫，這也可能代表了神聖雙胞胎的早期形式[98]。特別是中央三石塔可能體現了「一對代表晝夜、太陽和月亮、夏天和冬天、生與死的神，甚至可能是史前時期的雙胞胎阿波羅和阿提密斯，正如他們在後來的舊世界萬神殿中所知[99]。」在希臘，阿波羅和阿耳忒彌斯分別與太陽和月亮聯繫在一起，而昴宿宿星團則被稱為「阿爾忒彌斯的同伴」，這與內布拉星象盤上的描述相呼應[98]。根據希臘歷史學家希羅多德的記載，埃及人認為阿波羅和阿耳忒彌斯是伊希斯的孩子，相當於荷魯斯和芭絲特，而伊希斯是阿提密斯[100]。

與英國的聯繫

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考古天文學家埃米利亞牧師（Emília Pásztor）反對為圓盤提供實用的天文功能。根據Pásztor的說法，「週邊弧的長度與太陽升起或落下的運動非常接近，這可能純粹是巧合」[101]。這一說法因在布什巴羅（英语：Bush-Barrow）的巨石陣上發現的大致當代的金菱形上發現了類似的特徵而受到質疑，其中整體設計的銳角（81°）對應於巨石陣緯度至點之間的角度[102][103]。根據尤安·麥基（英语：Euan MacKie）（2009）的說法，「內布拉圓盤和布什巴羅菱形似乎都是為了反映北緯51°左右的年度太陽週期而設計的[104]。」

麥基進一步提出，內布拉圓盤和布什巴羅菱形都可能與亞歷山大·托姆（英语：Alexander Thom）根據他對英國立石排列的分析重建的陽曆有關[105]。內布拉星象盤和布什巴羅菱形都是用青銅時代康沃爾郡的黃金製成的，它們之間有著直接的聯繫[23][106]。根據考古學家薩賓·格洛夫（德语：Sabine Gerloff）的說法，內布拉星象盤上使用的鍍金科技也起源於英國，並從那裡引入到大陸[107]。

真實性

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最初有人懷疑這個星象盤可能是考古贗品（英语：Archaeological forgery）。德國雷根斯堡大學的彼得·紹爾（Peter Schauer）在2005年辯稱，內布拉星象盤是假的，他可以證明星象盤的光澤可能是由尿液、鹽酸和噴燈在短時間內造成的。他不得不在法庭上承認，與檢查過該星象盤的18位科學家不同，他從未親自拿過該星象盤[108]。對銅綠（或腐蝕層）的科學分析證實了它的真實性[21]。

英國布里斯托大學的歐洲史前學教授理查德·哈里森在英國廣播公司]（BBC）的一部紀錄片中表示，儘管他當時還沒有看到星象盤，但因為這一發現的性質非比尋常，「當我第一次聽說內布拉圓盤時，我以為這是一個笑話，事實上我認為這是偽造的」。同一部紀錄片提供了科學分析，證實了圓盤的真實性[21]。

赫拉德·梅勒於2008年4月在蘇格蘭古物學會的演講中提出了一些星象盤是真品的理由，且宣稱找到它的地點是在米特爾貝格山。最具說服力的證據稍後由考古學家發現－掠奪者稱他們在坑內找到一個金屬物，那是金葉片的一個碎片，而那碎片正好符合原本在盤上代表太陽的大黃金圓板的缺角。

魯珀特·格布哈德（Rupert Gebhard）和魯迪·克勞斯（Rudiger Krause）在2020年發表的一篇論文質疑了內布拉星象盤的青銅時代早期定年，並提出了更晚的鐵器時代日期[109]。Ernst Pernicka及其同事在同一年發表了一篇論文回應，駁斥了格布哈德和克勞斯的論點[13]。對圓盤、圓盤上發現的物品和發現地點的科學分析都證實了早期青銅時代的年代[1][15]。

展覽

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內布拉附近發現地點的遊客中心

內布拉星象盤是名為鍛造的天空（德语：Der geschmiedet Himmel）（德語「The forged sky」）的展覽的中心，展出了1,600件青銅時代的文物，包括雷鳴太陽戰車（英语：Trundholm sun chariot），分別於2004年10月15日至2005年5月22日在薩勒河畔哈勒的哈雷-维滕贝格大学、2005年7月1日至10月22日在丹麥哥本哈根、2005年11月9日至2006年2月5日在維也納、2006年3月10日至7月16日在德國曼海姆和2006年9月29日至2007年2月25日在瑞士巴塞爾展出。

2007年6月21日，在內布拉的發現地點附近開設了一個多媒體遊客中心[110]。

該星象盤是薩勒河畔哈勒哈勒州立史前博物館（英语：Halle State Museum of Prehistory）（Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte）永久展覽的一部分。

該星象盤於2022年2月17日至7月17日在倫敦大英博物館展出，作為「巨石陣世界展覽」的一部分[111]。於2022年8月6日至9月18日在荷蘭德倫特省阿森的德倫特博物館展出[112]。

國際太空站上的複製品

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2021年11月，德國太空人馬蒂亞斯·毛雷爾（Matthias Maurer）在Crew-3任務中攜帶了內布拉星象盤的複製品前往國際太空站。毛雷爾是歐洲宇宙之吻任務的一員，他設計了該任務的徽章，靈感來自內布拉星象盤，以及先鋒牌匾和旅行者黃金唱片，這些牌匾和唱片攜帶著來自地球的資訊，被發送到未知的地方[113]。

法律問題

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德國展覽德語：鍛造的天空，羅馬化：Der geschmiedete Himmel（德語：Der geschmiedete Himmel）展出內布拉星象盤發現情况的複製品。

德國的薩克森-安哈爾特州將該星象盤註册為商標，導致兩起訴訟。2003年，薩克森-安哈爾特州成功起訴奎爾富特市，指控其將內布拉星系盤描繪在設計的紀念品上。薩克森-安哈爾特州還成功起訴了派珀出版社（英语：Piper Verlag）和海涅出版社，指控他們在書籍封面上抽象描繪了內布拉星象盤[114]。馬德堡法院根據德國版權法（英语：Copyright law of Germany）評估了此案的相關性。

辯護人辯稱，作為一種崇拜對象，這張星象盤在青銅時代大約3,500年前就已經「出版」了，因此與之相關的所有智慧財產權保護早已到期。另一方面，原告辯稱，星象盤的原創編輯（英语：Editio princips）是最近的，根據德國法律，保護期為25年，直到2027年。另一個論點涉及一件著名的藝術品是否可以首先注册為商標的問題。馬格德堡法院作出有利於薩克森-安哈爾特州的判决。

該案件被提起上訴，根據州高等法院（英语：Oberlandesgericht）杜塞爾多夫2005年和德國聯邦最高法院2009年的裁决，最初的裁决被推翻，德國專利商標局撤回了商標權[115]。 此後，薩克森-安哈爾特州在歐盟知識產權局將該光碟的設計注册為商標[116]。

2023年，薩克森-安哈爾特州提交了一份DMCA删除通知，要求從維基共享資源中删除內布拉星象盤的九張影像，聲稱他們是「內布拉星象盤的獨家版權所有人」[117]。德國維基媒體協會，維基媒體基金會的一個分會隨後提交了DMCA反通知，稱自歐洲議會指令2019/790第14條實施以來，公共領域的視覺作品複製品不可能有此類版權[118]。

圖集

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  • 冬至黎明時分的天空與內布拉星象盤的對應[119]。
    冬至黎明時分的天空與內布拉星象盤的對應[119]。
  • 從北緯51°看到的冬至時織女星的路徑
    從北緯51°看到的冬至時織女星的路徑

流行文化

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內布拉星象盤吸引了偽考古學和新異教主義的興趣，而超常現象者則推測這和巨石陣以及阿爾卡伊姆相關。 The Nebra Skydisk也同時是美國紐約州賓漢頓一個實驗樂團的團名。

相關條目

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參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nebra Sky Disc. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  2. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The-Past.com. May 2022. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Eiland, Murray. Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc. The Armiger's News. 2003, 25 (2): 1, 9 –通过Academia.edu. 
  4. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  5. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew. 
  6. ^ Joshua Rapp Learn. The Nebra Sky Disk: Is the world's oldest star map really a map at all?. Astronomy Today. May 11, 2021 [30 January 2022]. 
  7. ^ Mentock, Richard. Rethinking the Nebra Sky Disk. Physics Today. November 2021, 74 (11): 10. Bibcode:2021PhT....74k..10M. S2CID 240475208. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4868 可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Crocco, Juan. Essay: What is depicted on the Nebra Sky Disc?. tredition. 2022: 87–102. ISBN 978-3-347-71288-1 （english）. 
  9. ^ Haughton, Brian. The Nebra Sky Disk - Ancient Map of the Stars. World History Encyclopedia. 2011. 
  10. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: The Place of Discovery. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Nebra Sky Disc: Nomination. UNESCO Memory of the World. The Nebra Sky Disc is dated to the early Bronze Age. It was made circa 1800 BC and was in use over several generations until around 1600 BC when it was buried and dedicated to the gods. 
  12. ^ Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Pernicka, Ernst; Adam, Jörg; Borg, Gregor; Brügmann, Gerhard; Bunnefeld, Jan-Heinrich; Kainz, Wolfgang; Klamm, Mechthild; Koiki, Thomas; Meller, Harald; Schwarz, Ralf; Stöllner, Thomas; Wunderlich, Christian-Heinrich; Reichenberger, Alfred. Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results. Archaeologia Austriaca (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 2020, 104: 89–122. S2CID 229208057. doi:10.1553/archaeologia104s89 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 The Nebra Sky Disc Dates from the Early Bronze Age. Austrian Academy of Sciences. 2020. 
  16. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 144. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. 
  17. ^ Nebra Sky Disc. UNESCO Memory of the World. 
  18. ^ Meller, H. Star search. National Geographic. January 2004: 76–8. 
  19. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. the-past.com. 25 May 2022. 
  20. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: Dating. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Secrets of the Star Disc. BBC Science & Nature. Horizon. January 2004. 
  22. ^ Pernicka, E. & Wunderlich, C-H. Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an den Funden von Nebra. Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt: 24–29. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Ehser, Anja; Borg, Gregor; Pernicka, Ernst. Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2011, 23 (6): 895–910 [12 November 2013]. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..895E. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140. 
  24. ^ Haustein, M. Tin isotopy: a new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry. 2010, 52 (5): 816–832. Bibcode:2010Archa..52..816H. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00515.x. 
  25. ^ Hoffmann, Susanne M. Meller, Harald; Reichenberger, Alfred; Risch, Roberto , 编. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275. 
  26. ^ McIntosh, Jane. Lost Treasures; Civilization's Great Riches Rediscovered. London: Carlton Books. 2010: 16. ISBN 9781847322999. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. both the gold arcs [on the Nebra disc] occupy a very precise angle of between 82 and 83 degrees, a figure that is well beyond the error expected if a right angle was intended. The reason for this seems to be connected to observations of the sun. The arcs mark the full range of points on the horizon at which the sun sets and rises in a solar year. The terminal of each arc inscribes the summer solstice sunrise and sunset and the winter solstice sunrise and sunset as seen from the latitude of the Mittelberg 3,600 years ago. ... The marking of solstice sunrise and sunset at monuments such as Stonehenge was about the expression of religious and symbolic ideas linking the monument to the cycles of the cosmos. The same concerns were probably true of the Sky Disc, which had the benefit of being a portable and possesable object. 
  28. ^ PM 2Ring. Where does the ecliptic cross the horizon during the course of a night?. astronomy.stackexchange.com. [28 May 2024]. 
  29. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 21. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 可免费查阅. 
  31. ^ Meller, H. Die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra – ein frühbronzezeitlicher Fund von außergewohnlicher Bedeutung. Archäeologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. 2002, 1/02: 7–30 （德语）. 
  32. ^ The Nebra Sky Disc. Archaeology. June 2019. In the first phase, the disc showed the night sky with 32 gold stars, including the Pleiades, a gold orb representing the sun or a full moon, and a crescent moon. It served as a reminder of when it was necessary to synchronize the lunar and solar years by inserting a leap month. This phenomenon occurred when the three-and-a-half-day-old moon—the crescent moon on the disc—was visible at the same time as the Pleiades. 'The astronomical rules that are depicted wouldn't be imaginable without decades of intensive observation,' says Harald Meller, director of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. 'Until the Sky Disc was discovered, no one thought prehistoric people capable of such precise astronomical knowledge.' 
  33. ^ Symonds, Matthew. The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos. The Past. 2022-05-25. 
  34. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145–147. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. (on the disc) there is a distinctive rosette of seven stars clustered between the full and crescent moons. These are identified as the Pleiades or Seven Sisters, recognised by many world cultures as calendar stars, since they are last seen in the night sky in March and only reappear again in October. ... The path of the sun provides a measure of the time of day and year, while the moon can do the same in measuring out months and weeks based on its regular cycles. A problem arises, however, when it comes to equating the solar and lunar years. The former is eleven days longer than the later and after three years the difference is equivalent to about a month. To bring the two calendars into harmony a rule is needed. The first written record of such a rule comes from a Babylonian cuneiform tablet dating to the seventh or sixth centuries BC, which advises to add a leap month every third year if no new moon appears next to the Pleiades in the spring but rather a crescent moon a few days old. That arrangement of heavenly bodies is precisely what the Sky Disc seems to show, reflecting an ingenious materialisation of a complex astronomical and calendrical rule without the need for writing. 
  35. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. The synchronisation key of the first phase [of the Nebra disc] allowed the longer solar year (approximately 365 days) to be harmonised with the shorter lunar year (around 354 days). Each year in spring, the crescent moon passed close to the Pleiades, appearing with different widths, depending on the lunar phase. The appearance of a 4.5 day-old crescent moon next to the Pleiades, as shown on the Sky Disc, meant that an extra month should have been added, since the solar and lunar years differed by approximately one month after every three years. 
  36. ^ Meller, Harald. Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge (British Museum 2022). 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. 
  38. ^ Bunnefeld, J.; Becker, J.; Martin, L.; Pausewein, R.; Simon, S.; Meller, H. Baltic Amber in Aššur. Forms and Significance of Amber Exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c.2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica. 2023, 92 (2): 228–243. S2CID 258250358. doi:10.1163/16000390-20210031. 
  39. ^ Feller, Manfred; Koch, Johannes. Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe doch nicht gelöst? Warum die angebliche Entschlüsselung der Himmelsscheibe durch R. Hansen und H. Meller falsch ist. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 
  40. ^ Wolfschmidt, Gudrun. Astronomy in Culture -- Cultures of Astronomy. Astronomie in der Kultur -- Kulturen der Astronomie. Featuring the Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting at the Annual Conference of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Sept. 14-16, 2021. Nuncius Hamburgensis; Vol. 57.. Susanne M. Hoffmann, Susanne M. Hoffmann, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Tredition GmbH Hamburg. Ahrensburg. 2022. ISBN 978-3-347-71293-5. OCLC 1351570492. 
  41. ^ Hoffmann, Susanne. Das babylonische Astronomie-Kompendium MUL.APIN: Messung von Zeit und Raum. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale): 251–275. 
  42. ^ Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum. 2022. 
  43. ^ Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip. Big History. Foreword by David Christian 1st American. New York: DK. February 2016: 20. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.  已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
  44. ^ Moore, Stewart. Which way is up?. British Astronomical Association. [2025-03-30]. 
  45. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. Zudem vergehen bei einer 4,5 Tage alten Mondsichel nicht wie üblich 29 oder 30 Tage seit dem letzten Neulicht, sondern 32 Tage. Dies korrespondiert mit den 32 Sternen, die auf der Himmelsscheibe in der ersten Phase abgebildet waren, sodass die Schaltregel wohl sogar doppelt verschlüsselt in diesem auf den ersten Blick simplen Bildwerk dargestellt ist. Das große runde Goldobjekt könnte zugleich Vollmond und Sonne repräsentieren. Die 32 Sterne der ersten Phase verkörpern dann 32 Sonnenjahre, denen – zählt man Vollmond / Sonne hinzu – 33 Mondjahre entsprechen (Hansen 2007). English translation: "with a 4.5-day old crescent moon, not 29 or 30 days elapse since the last new light, as is usually the case, but 32 days. This corresponds with the 32 stars that were depicted on the sky disc in the first phase, so that the leap rule is probably even depicted in a doubly coded way in this, at first sight, simple pictorial work. The large round gold object could represent both the full moon and the sun. The 32 stars of the first phase then embody 32 solar years, to which - if one adds the full moon / sun - 33 lunar years correspond (Hansen 2007). 
  46. ^ The difference between solar and lunar years. Sciencing.com. 2018. 
  47. ^ Meller, Harald. The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power. Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2021: 151–152. ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3. 
  48. ^ Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte - ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 97–98. 
  49. ^ Sommerfeld, Christoph. ... Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe. Preaehistorische Zeitschrift. 2012, 87 (1): 110–131. S2CID 163304521. doi:10.1515/pz-2012-0006. 
  50. ^ Sommerfel, Christoph. ... nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben. Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 2010, 85 (2): 207–242. S2CID 164902130. doi:10.1515/pz.2010.012. 
  51. ^ Menghin, Wilfried. Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 2008, 40: 157–169. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505. 
  52. ^ Herten, Friedel; Waldmann, Georg. Functional principles of early time measurement at Stonehenge and Nebra. Archäologische Informationen. 2018, 41: 275–288. 
  53. ^ Hesiod, Works and Days (Hes. WD 387). Perseus.tufts.edu. 
  54. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 145. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. The Greek poet Hesiod, writing in c. 700 BC, noted that '[w]hen the Pleiades rise it is the time to use the sickle, but the plough when they are setting'. Their disappearance and appearance has been seen historically as a marker of the beginning and end of the farming year in Europe [...] In the region of Germany where the disc was found, the Pleiades is last seen in the sky on 10 March, alongside the young, crescent moon. The full moon accompanies the reappearance of the constellation on 17 October. On the disc, the Pleiades is tellingly placed between the crescent and full moons, suggesting an awareness of this celestial rhythm. 
  55. ^ McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 233. 2016. 
  56. ^ Echassoux, Annie; et al. Rock carvings of the Pleiads in the sacred mont Bego mountain, Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2009, 8 (5): 461–469. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.00 (不活跃 22 February 2025). 
  57. ^ Hager, Helen. Targeting celestial bodies – News regarding the “Kalenderstein” (calendar stone) in Leodagger (Lower Austria). PROCEEDINGS PUBLICATIONS OF THE ERBE-SYMPOSIUM 2. 2021. 
  58. ^ Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (编). Himmelswelten und Kosmovisionen. Tredition. 2020. ISBN 9783347024304. 
  59. ^ Nebra Sky Disc — Bronze Age representation of the sky, Germany. UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy. 
  60. ^ Gold und Kult der Bronzezeit. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg. 2003: 47. ISBN 3-926982-95-0. 
  61. ^ Ilon, Gabor. The Golden Treasure from Szent Vid in Velem. Archaeolingua. 2015: 73. In the Nordic Bronze Age, sets of 7 and 28 appear on the Aspeberget rock carvings, one of which portrays a figure holding a sistrum-like object in its right hand, depicted by twenty-eight cup marks arranged in four rows of seven each. In his study devoted to ancient astronomy, Flemming Kaul suggested that it depicted the four lunar phases and the lunar months 
  62. ^ Greek civilization. Gold signet ring with worship scene, female figures, landscape, sun and moon. From Mycenae, Acropolis treasure. Athens, Ethnikó Arheologikó Moussío (National Archaeological Museum). agefotostock. 
  63. ^ Rappenglück, Michael. Cosmovisions Put Upon a Disk: Another View of the Nebra Disk. Silva, Fabio; Malville, Kim; Lomsdalen, Tore; Ventura, Frank (编). The Materiality of the Sky: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual SEAC Conference, 2014. Sophia Centre Press. 2016: 58. ISBN 978-1907767-09-8. 
  64. ^ Pasztor, Emilia; Roslund, Curt. An interpretation of the Nebra Disc. Antiquity. 2007, 81 (312): 267–78. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095168. 
  65. ^ Valavanis, Panos; Nagy, Gregory. The Sun in Greek Culture and Art. The Sun in Myth and Art. Thames & Hudson. 1993: 280–293. 
  66. ^ Evans, Arthur. 'The Ring of Nestor': A Glimpse into the Minoan After-World. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1925, 45: 11. JSTOR 624904. S2CID 161114626. doi:10.2307/624904. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008678354. waving lines ... cut off the upper part of the field on the great signet of Mycenae, and contain above their curve a rayed disk and crescent representing the heavenly luminaries. ... the seated Goddess, whose character is there marked by the double-axe as well as by the celestial symbols, holds poppy-heads presented to her by a votary. 
  67. ^ Trckova-Flamee, Alena. Poppy goddess. Encyclopedia Mythica. 2005. The image of the so-called Poppy Goddess appears in pre-Hellenic iconography. She is represented as a large female figurine with raised hands in a gesture of greeting or blessing. [...] A goddess with the same emblems — three poppies — in her hand is depicted also in a gold signet ring from Mycenae. [...] The role of this goddess was correlated together with her attributes — poppies and its effects in a form of opium. [...] The motif of a seated goddess (who was called Demeter) on a throne with poppies in her hand is found on a Greek vase (plate) of the fifth century BCE. There is presently not enough evidence to connect a real name to this so-called Poppy Goddess of the pre-Hellenic period; nevertheless there are links to the Greek pantheon and to a ritual performed, later in honor of the goddess Demeter. 
  68. ^ Ridderstad, Marianna. Evidence of Minoan astronomy and calendrical practices. 2009. arXiv:0910.4801 可免费查阅 [physics.hist-ph]. The scene on the ring [from Mycenae] shows the sun, the moon, and what looks like the Milky Way on the sky, as well as the "Poppy Goddess" seated under a tree [...] The poppy flower of the Minoan 'Poppy Goddess' was associated in Classical Greek art with many goddesses, but, especially, it was the symbol of Demeter, who as the great mother and fertility goddess had a cult that had its origin in Minoan-Mycenaean times [...] as the Palaikastro mould shows, the Poppy Goddess was not only a chthonic fertility goddess, but also the goddess of celestial cycles. 
  69. ^ Askitopoulou, Helen; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Konsolaki, Eleni. Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world. International Congress Series. December 2002, 1242 (3): 23–29. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0. 
  70. ^ Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine. Der minoische Kalender – eine Brücke von Babylon nach Nebra. Orientierung, Navigation und Zeitbestimmung – Wie der Himmel den Lebensraum des Menschen prägt. Nuncius Hamburgensis - Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 42.. Tredition. 2019: 432–461. ISBN 978-3-7482-1146-4. 
  71. ^ 71.0 71.1 MacGillivray, Joseph. The Minoan Double Axe Goddess and Her Astral Realm. Athanasia. The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. N. Ch. Stampolidis, A. Kanta and A. Giannikouri (eds.). MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2012. ISBN 978-960-7143-40-2. 
  72. ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Demeter ... she of the golden double-axe 
  73. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. The rise of Bronze Age society. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 192–193. ISBN 9780521843638. 
  74. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Suchowska-Ducke, Paulina. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (Cambridge University Press). December 2015, 81: 361–392. doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 可免费查阅. 
  75. ^ Pokutta, Dalia. Food and cooking in the Únětice culture. Boroffka, Nikolaus (编). Carpathian heartlands: studies on the prehistory and history of Transsylvania in European contexts, dedicated to Horia Ciugudean on his 60th birthday. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii. 2016: 143. 
  76. ^ Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil. The World of Stonehenge. British Museum Press. June 2022: 147–148. ISBN 9780714123493. OCLC 1297081545. In its next phase of use, a third gold arc was added to the Sky Disc. Unlike the two solstice arcs, this addition did not serve to mark a particular celestial observation. It appears to be a representation of a 'sun ship'. ... Short feathered lines on each side of the gold sun boat on the Nebra Sky Disc may represent the oars of a crew. 
  77. ^ Cahill, Mary. Here comes the sun...: Solar symbolism in Early Bronze Age Ireland需要免费注册. Archaeology Ireland. Spring 2015, 29 (1): 26–33 –通过Academia.edu. 
  78. ^ McVeigh, Thor. Calendars, feasting, cosmology and identities: later Neolithic-early Bronze Age Ireland in European context (PhD论文). University of Galway: 167–182. 2016. 
  79. ^ Lahelma, Antti. The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art. North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia. Oxbow Books. 2017: 144–171. ISBN 978-1-78570-820-6. 
  80. ^ West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759. 
  81. ^ West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. 2007: 207–209. ISBN 9780199280759. 
  82. ^ Massetti, Laura. Antimachus's Enigma: On Erytheia, the Latvian Sun-goddess and a Red Fish. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 2019, 47: 223–240. synchronic analysis of Greek passages dealing with the journey of Helios reveals that the poetic image of the golden ‘cup, vessel’ hints at the solar boat. 
  83. ^ Meller, Harald. The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Caergwrle Ship. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022. 
  84. ^ The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Nors Boats. Halle State Museum of Prehistory. 2022. 
  85. ^ Life and Belief During the Bronze Age" Neues Museum, Berlin. [13 March 2022]. Gold vessels in the Eberswalde hoard bear sun and circular symbols like those on the Berlin gold hat. Some of these contain calendrical information as well. The base of a bowl [from the Eberswalde hoard] is formed from ten, or counting the centre disc, eleven concentric circles topped by a band of 22 circular discs. This corresponds to the number of solar years (10+22=32) and together with the centre disc the number of lunar years (11+22=33) until the solar and lunar calendars are in alignment. 
  86. ^ The Sky Disc of Nebra: A window to the Bronze Age world in Europe and beyond. (Ernst Pernicka). HEAS. 2022. 
  87. ^ Meller, Harald. The Sky Disc of Nebra. Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford University Press. 2013: 266–269. 
  88. ^ Iversen, Rune. Bronze Age acrobats: Denmark, Egypt, Crete. World Archaeology. 2014, 46 (2): 242–255 [19 December 2021]. S2CID 162668376. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.886526. （原始内容存档于19 December 2021）. 
  89. ^ Tacitus, Germania. 9. perseus.tufts.edu. 
  90. ^ Bleeker, C.J. Hathor and Thoth. Leiden. 1973: 73. ISBN 90-04-03734-9. 
  91. ^ Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2003: 148–149, 160. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7. 
  92. ^ Hopkins, Joseph S.; Þorgeirsson, Haukur. The Ship in the Field. RMN Newsletter. 2011: 14–18. 
  93. ^ Arrhenius, Birgit. Brisingamen and the Menet necklace. Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 2009: 219–230. This article discusses the jewellery worn by the goddess Freyja, the Brisingamen. ... its origin may have been the Menet (alternatively Menat or Menit) – originally the necklace of the cow god Hathor which in the Greco-Roman time was taken over by the fertility goddess Isis. 
  94. ^ Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 34–38. 2017. 
  95. ^ Wang, Lan. Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun (Masters论文). University of Oslo: 14, 37. 2017. 
  96. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7. the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc. 
  97. ^ Kristiansen, Kristian. Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age. InterweavIng worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7. the twin swords and axes in the Nebra hoard correspond to a widely shared ritual tradition of such depositions, which are the material correlates of the Divine Twins in Bronze Age ritual. This idea is further supported by the Nebra disc that links the Divine Twins (twin axes and swords) and the sun cult together, and thus confirms their intimate relation. ... [the Divine Twins] are also said to represent the morning and evening star, and the twin stars in the constellation of Gemini. This constellation, which belongs in the winter sky, could possibly be identified in the lower part of the Nebra disc, as it consists of 8 stars in a formation much like what we see on the disc. 
  98. ^ 98.0 98.1 Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge. British Museum Events. 2023. 
  99. ^ Darvill, Timothy. Houses of the holy: Architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK. Time and Mind. 2016, 9 (2): 89–121. S2CID 164201703. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2016.1171496. each of the trilithons could be considered conjoined deities, pairs of gods, or an early form of the Divine Twins born at the same time from a single union (Darvill 2006, 144–145). The Great Trilithon to the southwest is the largest and most prominent. It is set astride the principal axis and might cautiously be identified with a pair of deities representing day and night, the sun and moon, summer and winter, life and death, perhaps even the prehistoric equivalents of the twins Apollo and Artemis as they are known in later pantheons across the Old World. 
  100. ^ Herodotus, Histories, 2.156. perseus.tufts.edu. Apollo and Artemis were (they say) children of Dionysus and Isis, and Leto was made their nurse and preserver; in Egyptian, Apollo is Horus, Demeter Isis, Artemis Bubastis. It was from this legend and no other that Aeschylus son of Euphorion took a notion which is in no poet before him: that Artemis was the daughter of Demeter. 
  101. ^ Pásztor, Emilia, Nebra Disk, Ruggles, Clive L. N. (编), Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, New York: Springer Science+Business Media: 1349–1356, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_128 
  102. ^ Stonehenge's Richest Man: The Bush Barrow Chieftain (British Museum 2022). The point at the top and the bottom [of the Bush Barrow gold lozenge] has a very precise angle of 81 degrees. That's the same angle between where the sun rises at midwinter and midsummer solstices, so it has an astronomical importance. And the very finely detailed embossed decoration, particularly around the outer border, is laid out to a tolerance of less than half a millimetre. What that tells us is they understood astronomy, geometry and mathematics, 4,000 years ago. 
  103. ^ Dathe, Henning; Kruger, Harald. Morphometric findings on the Nebra Sky Disc. Time and Mind. 2018, 11 (1): 89–104. S2CID 165508431. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2018.1433358 可免费查阅. The potential observation of the horizon arc described by the Sun during its annual motion is exemplified by another impressive find from the Early Bronze Age: A diamond-shaped gold plaque of extraordinary quality was excavated in a burial under Bush Barrow in Wiltshire, southern England, less than a mile away from Stonehenge. ... Both objects, the Nebra Sky Disc and the Bush Barrow Lozenge, are unique in their appearance, but they may be related in their ritual and possibly astronomical relevance. 
  104. ^ MacKie, Euan. The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out-of-fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence. Time and Mind. March 2009, 2 (1): 9–46. S2CID 162360353. doi:10.2752/175169709X374263. Ker and his colleagues found the pair of acute angles of the basic diamond pattern [of the Bush Barrow lozenge] to be 81°. They realized that this was the angle between midsummer and midwinter sunrises (and sunsets of course) on a low horizon at the latitude of Stonehenge (51.17° N) four thousand years ago. ... The Nebra disc and the Bush Barrow lozenge both seem to be designed to reflect the annual solar cycle at about latitude 51° north, and both have elements in their design which could refer specifically to the solar calendar. 
  105. ^ MacKie, E. New evidence for a professional priesthood in the European Early Bronze Age?. Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (编). Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. 2006: 343–362. ISBN 1-882572-38-6. 
  106. ^ Where did the gold from the time of Stonehenge come from? Analysing the Bush Barrow dagger. Wiltshire Museum. 2019 [26 April 2022]. 
  107. ^ Gerloff, Sabine. Von Troja an die Saale, von Wessex nach Mykene – Chronologie, Fernverbindungen und Zinnrouten der Frühbronzezeit Mittel- und Westeuropas. Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (编). Der Griff nach den Sternen. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. Februar 2005. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). 2010: 603–639. ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5. This phase also includes the hoard of Nebra with its famous disc showing gold-plated heavenly bodies. Its plating technique is generally connected to Mycenaean metalwork. It will be shown, however, that this technique together with that of metal inlay had its origins in Britain, where it was already applied to organic material during the first phase of the Early Bronze Age, and flourished during the second and third phases when it was introduced on the continent and used on prestige metalwork. 
  108. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra - Eine Komödie der Irrungen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. March 17, 2005 [2010-05-12] （德语）. 
  109. ^ Gebhard, Rupert; Krause, Rüdiger. Critical comments on the find complex of the so-called Nebra Sky Disk. Archäologische Informationen. 2020, 43: 325–346. doi:10.11588/ai.2020.1. 
  110. ^ Arche Nebra Visitor Centre. i art. [17 June 2024]. 
  111. ^ Nebra Sky Disc: British Museum to display world's 'oldest map of stars'. BBC News. 2021-10-17 [2021-10-18] （英国英语）. 
  112. ^ Nebra Sky Disc （英语）. [永久失效連結]
  113. ^ Cosmic Kiss takes the Nebra Sky Disc to space. European Space Agency. （原始内容存档于31 March 2022）. 
  114. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. [2009-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-19） （德语）. 
  115. ^ Aktenzeichen: 305 07 066 - S 216/09 Lösch (PDF). Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt Dienststell Jena. 27 July 2010. 
  116. ^ Himmelsscheibe von Nebra. European Union Intellectual Property Office. 6 May 2011 [4 August 2022]. 
  117. ^ Nordemann Czychowski & Partner. Notice of Copyright Violation (DMCA Takedown Notice) (PDF). [24 October 2023]. 
  118. ^ Wikimedia Deutschland. Counternotice to the DMCA 512(c) notice filed by Nordemann Czychowski & Partner Rechtsanwältinnen und Rechtsanwälte mbB (ref.: LARC60105) Oct 13th 2023 on behalf of the German State of Saxony-Anhalt regarding depictions of the Sky Disc of Nebra (PDF). [24 October 2023]. 
  119. ^ Simulation and procedure of using disc to declare intercalary months.. 

延伸閱讀

[编辑]
  • Ute Kaufholz: Sonne, Mond und Sterne. Das Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe. Anderbeck, Anderbeck 2004, ISBN 3-937751-05-X
  • Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, Halle 1.2002, S.7–31. ISSN 0072-940X
  • Frank Hagen von Liegnitz: Die Sonnenfrau Weihnachtsgabe der WeserStrom Genossenschaft, Bremen 2002.
  • Harald Meller (Hrsg.): Der geschmiedete Himmel. Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren. Ausstellungskatalog. Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1907-9
  • Katja Näther, Sven Näther: Akte Nebra – Keine Sonne auf der Himmelsscheibe? Naether, Wilhelmshorst 2004, ISBN 3934858023
  • National Geographic Deutschland. Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg 2004,1, S.38–61, ISBN 3-936559-85-6
  • Uwe Reichert: Der geschmiedete Himmel. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Heidelberg 2004,11, S.52–59. ISSN 0170-2971
  • Der Sternenkult der Ur-Germanen. Titelbericht im Nachrichtenmagazin DER SPIEGEL vom 25.11.2002.

進階閱讀

[编辑]
  • Ute Kaufholz: Sonne, Mond und Sterne. Das Geheimnis der Himmelsscheibe. Anderbeck, Anderbeck 2004, ISBN 3-937751-05-X
  • Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, Halle 1.2002, S.7–31. ISSN 0072-940X
  • Frank Hagen von Liegnitz: Die Sonnenfrau. Weihnachtsgabe der WeserStrom Genossenschaft, Bremen 2002.
  • Harald Meller (Hrsg.): Der geschmiedete Himmel. Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren. Ausstellungskatalog. Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1907-9
  • Katja Näther, Sven Näther: Akte Nebra – Keine Sonne auf der Himmelsscheibe? Naether, Wilhelmshorst 2004, ISBN 3-934858-02-3
  • National Geographic Deutschland. Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg 2004,1, S.38–61, ISBN 3-936559-85-6
  • Uwe Reichert: Der geschmiedete Himmel. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Heidelberg 2004,11, S.52–59. ISSN 0170-2971
  • Ch. Sommerfeld : ...Sterne mal Sterne durch Sonne ist Mond - Bemerkungen über die Nebra-Scheibe, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 87(1) 2012, S. 110–131. ISSN 1613-0804
  • Diedrich, Cajus: The "Sky Disk of Nebra" – revision to daily life "marriage and fertility" in the final Hallstatt (Early Iron Age, HaC-D) times. American Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21, 2021, 1–26. http://journalsonline.org/american-journal-of-humanities-and-social-science/
  • Andreas Müller-Karpe, Die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra und ihre anatolischen Bezüge, Marburg 2021, ISBN 978-3-8185-0563-9.

外部連結

[编辑]
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有聲維基百科
此音频文件是根據條目“內布拉星象盤”的修訂版本录制的，以[[]]朗讀，不會反映對該條目的後續編輯。（媒體幫助）
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：內布拉星象盤

51°17′02″N 11°31′12″E / 51.28389°N 11.52000°E / 51.28389; 11.52000

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=內布拉星象盤&oldid=87250816”