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氯胺酮

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自盐酸氯胺酮
氯胺酮
(S)-ketamine ball-and-stick model (R)-ketamine ball-and-stick model
临床数据
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureKetalar及其他
其他名称CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
核准状况
怀孕分级
成瘾性中等至高[3][4]
给药途径任何途径[5][6][7][8]
药物类别NMDA受体拮抗剂全身麻醉药离解剂镇痛药抗忧郁药
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度
血浆蛋白结合率23–47%[12]
药物代谢肝脏, 小肠 (口服):
代谢产物
药效起始时间英语Onset of action
  • 静脉注射: 数秒内[13]
  • 肌肉注射: 1–5分钟[13][14]
  • 皮下注射: 15–30分钟[14]
  • 鼻吸: 5–10分钟[13]
  • 口服: 15–30分钟[13][14]
生物半衰期
  • 氯胺酮: 2.5–3小时[13][7]
  • 去甲氯胺酮: 12小时[14]
作用时间
  • 肌肉注射: 0.5–2小时[14]
  • 鼻吸: 45–60分钟[13]
  • 口服: 1–6+小时[13][14]
排泄途径
识别信息
  • (RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
CAS号6740-88-1
  • 33643-46-8 (艾司氯胺酮)
  • 33643-49-1 (阿酮胺)
 checkY
1867-66-9  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.027.095 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C13H16ClNO
摩尔质量237.73 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
手性外消旋体:[13]
  • 艾司氯胺酮 (S(+)-isomer)
  • 阿酮胺 (R(−)-isomer)
熔点92[18] °C(198 °F)
  • Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O
  • InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

氯胺酮INN:ketamine,又译为恺他命克他明,或是口语称K他命) 是一种离解性麻醉药,医疗上常用于麻醉的诱导和维持,也可用于治疗忧郁症和作疼痛管理[19]此药物主要的精神活性作用源于它所具有的NMDA受体拮抗剂的功能。[20]

氯胺酮是一种离解性麻醉剂,在麻醉剂量下能产生镇痛、镇静失忆等效果,[21]同时能维持呼吸和气道反射,刺激心脏功能、提高血压以及适度扩张支气管。而在较低的亚麻醉剂量下,它则被视为一种具有前景,用于治疗疼痛和难治性忧郁症英语Treatment-resistant depression的选项。[22]

氯胺酮因其致幻和离解特性,也被滥用,作为娱乐性用药[23]作娱乐性用的氯胺酮有结晶粉末和液体两种形式,常被使用者称为"Special K"或"K"(另外还有K仔、K粉、克他命、小姐等俗称)。长期重复使用的后果尚不清楚,而成为目前研究的重点。[24][25][26]有报告显示长期高剂量作娱乐性使用可能导致肝脏泌尿系统毒性。[27]

氯胺酮于1962年首次成功合成,当初的目的是从苯环己哌啶开发出一种更安全且致幻作用更少的麻醉剂。[28][29]美国于1970年批准其作医疗用途。[19]氯胺酮在兽医学中被广泛应用,并在越南战争期间大量用于外科麻醉。[30]它已名列世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,[31]市场上有其通用名药物(通用名药物)贩售。[32]

医疗用途

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麻醉

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氯胺酮的麻醉应用与其特性相符。它在不需肌肉松弛的短期手术中是首选药物。[33]

疼痛

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氯胺酮输注在临床上用于急诊的急性疼痛管理,以及围术期针对顽固性疼痛患者的治疗。其使用剂量低于麻醉所需,一般称为亚麻醉剂量。研究显示氯胺酮可作为吗啡的辅助药物,或是单独使用,有助于减少术后的吗啡用量以降低疼痛感,并减轻恶心呕吐。特别是对于预计术后会剧烈疼痛,或对类阿片药物产生耐受性的患者,氯胺酮可带来显著的助益。[34][35]

忧郁症

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氯胺酮是一种速效抗忧郁药,但效果短暂。[36]静脉注射氯胺酮以治疗难治型忧郁症可在4小时内将情绪改善,并在24小时达到效力高峰。[22][24]单次静脉注射氯胺酮已被证明在给药后4.5小时即产生超过60%的反应率(24小时后仍有持续效果),7天后仍有超过40%的反应率。[37]虽然只有少数试点研究,试图确定最佳剂量,但越来越多的证据显示在40分钟内注射0.5毫克/公斤的剂量可产生最佳效果。[38]氯胺酮的抗忧郁效果在7天后减弱,大多数人会在10天内复发。然而对于有显著少数的患者,改善作用可持续30天或是更长。[24][25][37][39]

癫痫发作

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氯胺酮曾被考虑作为常规治疗无效癫痫重积状态的治疗选项。[40]然而,目前支持此用途的证据仅限于个别研究案例,尚缺乏严谨的随机对照试验结果。[41][42]

哮喘

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由于氯胺酮具有潜在的支气管扩张作用,[43]有研究指出它可能可用于治疗对标准疗法没有反应的儿童严重急性哮喘[43]不过一项由考科蓝合作组织于2012年发表的评估表示,虽然相关研究所提的不良反应不多,但现有的有限证据并未显现明确的临床益处。[43]

禁忌症

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氯胺酮的一些主要禁忌症如下列:[29][34]

不良反应

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根据药物伤害专家的意见,所有非法以及合法药物(物质)造成损害的排名中,氯胺酮排名第11(2011年)。[44]

使用麻醉剂量的氯胺酮后,在苏醒期间,有10%至20%的成人,和1%至2%的儿童[10]可能会出现不良的精神反应,其表现从梦境和情绪低落到幻觉苏醒期谵妄英语Emergence delirium不等。[45]研究显示,并用拉莫三嗪[46]尼莫地平英语Nimodipine[47]有助于减轻这些精神病样的副作用,而预先施用苯二氮䓬类药物或丙泊酚也能有效对抗此类不良反应。[45][48]

当使用较低的亚麻醉剂量时,精神方面的副作用则更为突出。最常见的精神副作用包括离解感、视觉扭曲和感觉减退。此外,说话困难、意识混乱、欣快感、嗜睡以及注意力不集中等情况也相当常见(发生率为20%至50%)。约有6%至10%的人会经历幻觉。常见(发生率超过10%)的非精神副作用则有头晕、视力模糊、口干、高血压、恶心、体温升高或降低以及皮肤潮红。所有这些不良反应在注射结束时最为明显,但在40分钟后会显著减轻,并在注射完成后4小时内完全消退。[49]

泌尿系统和肝脏毒性

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长期且大量使用氯胺酮主要会对人体泌尿系统造成毒性,约有20%至30%的此类使用者会出现与膀胱相关的症状。[29][50]

氯胺酮的肝脏毒性通常与较高的使用剂量和重复使用有关。针对长期高剂量使用氯胺酮者的研究显示,肝脏损伤的发生率约为10%。[51]此外,也有案例报告,指出在慢性疼痛的氯胺酮治疗过程中会观察到肝酶升高的现象。[52]长期滥用氯胺酮还可能引发胆绞痛[53]恶病体质消化道疾病英语gastrointestinal disease、肝胆功能障碍以及急性肾损伤等问题。[54]

濒死经验

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如果采用最宽泛的定义,大多数经历过氯胺酮麻醉,且能记得梦境的患者都会提起濒死经验 (NDEs)。[55]氯胺酮具有引发与典型濒死经验相似特征的能力。[56]一项于2019年所做的大型研究,比较药物体验的书面报告,发现氯胺酮体验的记录与濒死经验的记录之间存在高度相似性,远高于其他药物体验的相似程度。[57]

依赖性和耐受性

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氯胺酮的依赖性发生率目前尚不明确,但部分长期使用者确实会产生依赖。动物实验也证实氯胺酮存在被滥用的风险。[23]此外,由于鼻腔吸入英语Insufflation (medicine)后药效会迅速显现,而可能会提高其作为娱乐性药物的吸引力。而药效持续时间较短,也容易导致使用者会连续并大量使用。即使是医疗上重复使用,氯胺酮的耐受性也会快速发展,而导致需要更高的剂量才能达到原有的效果。部分每日使用的个体在尝试停用后,曾报告出现焦虑、颤抖、出汗和心悸药物戒断症状。[23]研究也发现经常以娱乐为目的而使用氯胺酮的人,可能会出现认知功能下降以及离解感和妄想加剧等问题。[58]

交互作用

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氯胺酮能增强丙泊酚[59]咪达唑仑[60]的镇静效果。那曲酮可能会加剧低剂量氯胺酮所引起的精神病样反应,[61]而拉莫三嗪[46]和尼莫地平[47]则能减轻这些反应。在氯胺酮麻醉期间,使用可乐定有助于减少唾液分泌过多、心跳加速和血压升高等情况,并能降低患者做恶梦的几率。.[62]

临床经验显示,苯二氮䓬类药物可能会对氯胺酮的抗忧郁作用产生负面影响。[63]不过,大多数常见的抗忧郁药物似乎可与氯胺酮安全合并使用。[63]

药理学

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药效学

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作用机制

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氯胺酮是等量S-氯胺酮(esketamine,艾司氯胺酮)和R-氯胺酮(arketamine,阿酮胺英语arketamine)两种对映异构体的混合物。S-氯胺酮作为NMDA受体孔道阻断剂的效力远强于R-氯胺酮的。[11]NMDA受体孔道受阻断是氯胺酮产生麻醉、镇痛和精神病样作用的原因。[20][64]阻止NMDA受体通过,可阻断脊髓后角神经元的伤害感受性疼痛英语Nociplastic pain,而产生镇痛效果。换言之,氯胺酮的作用是干扰脊髓中的疼痛信号传递。[14]

至于氯胺酮如何有效缓解忧郁症的确切机制仍在研究中,是当前医学界关注的焦点。由于NMDA受体拮抗作用被认为是氯胺酮抗忧郁效果的基础,因此药界开发出艾司氯胺酮作为一种抗忧郁药。[11]

目前认为氯胺酮可能透过多种生化机制以发挥抗忧郁作用,包括直接影响NMDA受体,以及进一步调节脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白英语mTOR)等关键物质。[65][66]

分子靶点

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氯胺酮主要通过阻断NMDA受体的离子通道来发挥药理作用。NMDA受体是一种离子型谷氨酸受体英语ionotropic glutamate receptor,也是氯胺酮的主要作用靶点。[67]

浓度与效应之间的关系

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研究指出,当氯胺酮的血浆浓度达到约100至250奈克/毫升(0.42–1.1微摩尔)时,患者可能会体验到离解感和精神病样效应。[20]相较之下,用于治疗忧郁症的静脉注射氯胺酮的典型剂量较低,其导致的最高血浆浓度范围在70至200奈克/毫升(0.29–0.84微摩尔)之间。[68]在相似的血浆浓度范围(70至160奈克/毫升,0.29–0.67微摩尔)内,氯胺酮也展现出镇痛的效果。[68]

药物动力学

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氯胺酮同时具有水溶性和脂溶性,使其能经由多种途径被人体吸收。静脉注射的生物利用度定义为100%,肌肉注射的生物利用度稍低,约为93%,[7]硬膜外注射英语Epidural administration则为77%。[9]虽然皮下注射的生物利用度尚未被精确测量,但一般认为其吸收率较高。[69]在非侵入性给药方式中,鼻腔给药的生物利用度最高,达到45-50%,[7][10]而口服给药的生物利用度则最低,仅为16-20%。[7][10]舌下和直肠给药英语rectal administration的生物利用度则介于两者之间,大约在25-50%。[7][11][10]

氯胺酮主要的代谢途径。[20]

化学特性

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结构

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S-氯胺酮(艾司氯胺酮)
R-氯胺酮(阿酮胺)

从化学结构来看,氯胺酮属于芳基环己胺类化合物。此外,氯胺酮还是一种具有手性的分子。

检测

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为确认住院病人是否氯胺酮中毒、在药驾逮捕案件中提供证据,或协助法医进行死亡调查,可对其血液或血浆中的氯胺酮含量进行定量分析。一般来说,在全身麻醉期间接受治疗剂量的患者,血液或血浆中的氯胺酮浓度约为每升0.5至5.0毫克,因药驾被捕的人,其浓度通常为每升1至2毫克;而急性致命性过量服用者的浓度则可能高达每升3至20毫克。尿液通常是常规药物使用监测的更适合检体。此外,检测到具有药理活性的代谢物去甲氯胺酮,也有助于证实曾摄入此药物。[70][71][72]

历史

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氯胺酮由宾州立大学克雷格教授研发。于1962年交由派克-戴维斯英语Parke-Davis药厂(目前为辉瑞的子公司)开发,作为较安全的麻醉药,以取代当年副作用甚高(如产生幻觉、神经毒性及癫痫发作等)的苯环己哌啶(PCP,"天使尘")。首次广泛应用是派发予参加越战美军士兵。氯胺酮除麻醉作用外,亦因其镇痛作用强,直至目前仍受广泛应用。目前本药也被兽医广泛使用,并在发展中国家作麻醉剂使用。[73]

氯胺酮在1970年代普遍作为精神科药物及科研对象,直到1978年达到顶峰后,开始有科学家发表服用氯胺酮后的中毒现象报告,当中包括美国医生及神经科学家约翰·立利英语John C. Lilly等。[74]接近20世纪末,氯胺酮的应用开始变质,而成为狂野派对及其他类似活动里常用的迷幻药物。各国开始管制氯胺酮的使用,并将其列为管制药物。当中包括美国[75]英国[76]加拿大[77]中国等。

氯胺酮的抗忧郁作用于2000年被意外发现,[78]这一突破被广泛认为是过去半个多世纪以来在忧郁症治疗领域最为重要的进展。[39][11]这项发现不仅点燃科学界对利用NMDA受体拮抗剂治疗忧郁症的热情,[79]更根本改变抗忧郁药物研究与开发的重心。[80]

研究

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目前,科学界正积极探索氯胺酮在治疗难治性忧郁症方面的潜在应用。[81][82][83]

此外,一项针对大鼠的研究显示,在极高的浓度下,氯胺酮展现出与伊维菌素阿苯达唑相近的驱虫药效果。[84]

兽医用途

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氯胺酮在兽医麻醉领域应用广泛,主要用于猫、[85]狗、[86]兔、大鼠及其他小型动物,以达到麻醉和镇痛的效果。[87][88]氯胺酮在马匹麻醉的诱导和维持阶段也扮演重要的角色。此外,它也是麻醉啮齿动物常用药物混合物"啮齿动物鸡尾酒"的关键成分之一。[89]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM. Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06: 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. (原始内容存档于2017-04-11). 
  2. ^ Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 2019-11-22 [2020-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-26). 
  3. ^ Drug Scheduling. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [2023-12-29]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-08).  Ketamine is listed in Schedule III.
  4. ^ Huang, MC., Lin, SK. (2020). "Ketamine Abuse: Past and Present". In: Hashimoto, K., Ide, S., Ikeda, K. (eds.) Ketamine. Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2902-3_1.
  5. ^ Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA. Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June 2017, 6 (9): CD003351 [2018-09-10]. PMC 6481583可免费查阅. PMID 28657160. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-01-12). 
  6. ^ Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S. Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain. Pain Physician. March 2017, 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431. 
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