1969年航天活动列表

![]() 人类首次登月(阿波罗11号) | |
轨道发射 | |
---|---|
首次 | 1月5日 |
末次 | 12月27日 |
总计 | 125 |
成功 | 105 |
失败 | 18 |
部分失败 | 2 |
各国的首次 | |
卫星 | ![]() |
火箭 | |
处女航 | |
退役 |
|
载人航天 | |
轨道飞行次数 | 9 |
轨道飞行人数 | 22 |
载人航天人数合计 | 22 |
舱外活动次数 | 5 |
1969年,人类第一次踏上另一个星球。1969年7月20日,阿波罗11号登月舱“鹰号”载着两名宇航员降落在月球表面。几天后,三名机组人员安全返回地球,完成了美国总统约翰·F·肯尼迪于1961年5月25日提出的挑战,即“这个国家应该致力于在十年内实现将人类送上月球并安全返回地球的目标”。[1]
1969年共有四次阿波罗任务,其中三次飞往月球,阿波罗12号也登陆月球表面。阿波罗计划的成功证明了50多万美国工程师、科学家和技术人员的努力。
1969年,苏联太空计划成功实现两艘载人航天器对接,并成功探测金星和月球。然而,苏联的N1运载火箭在1969年的两次发射中均发生失败,使其载人登月梦想遭受了沉重打击。
概览
[编辑]载人航天
[编辑]1969年1月,联盟4号和联盟5号发射,并完成了人类首次载人航天器交会对接,2位宇航员通过舱外活动由联盟5号转移到联盟4号,验证了苏联登月计划构想中通过舱外活动进行航天器之间转移的构想。
1969年3月3日,阿波罗9号发射。此次飞行进入近地轨道,以便对登月舱进行测试,特别是分离和交会对接,以及宇航员的宇航服。此次任务持续10天。
1969年5月18日,阿波罗10号发射。进入月球轨道后,登月舱下降至距月球15.6公里以内,然后返回与阿波罗指令舱重新交会对接。这是下一次登月任务前的一次演习。此次任务持续8天。
1969年7月16日,阿波罗11号发射。阿波罗计划的首次任务,登月舱将两名宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林送上月球。他们在飞船内停留了21小时38分钟,其中在飞船外停留了2小时31分钟。然后他们再次离开,与迈克尔·科林斯所在的阿波罗指令舱交会对接。此次任务持续8天。
1969年10月,联盟6号、7号和8号在3天内连续发射,其中联盟6号负责拍摄后者交会对接以及宇航员通过舱外活动进行航天器之间转移的影像,但是最终联盟7号和8号并未进行交会对接。
1969年11月14日,阿波罗12号发射。第二次登月任务。查尔斯·康拉德和艾伦·宾在月面停留了31小时31分钟,其间他们进行了7小时45分钟的舱外活动。此次任务持续10天。
轨道发射
[编辑]发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效载荷 | 载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
附注 | |||||||
January[编辑] | |||||||
5 January 06:28[2] |
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Heliocentric | Venus lander | 16 May 1969 | Successful | |||
Lander operated for 53 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus. | |||||||
10 January 05:51[2] |
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Heliocentric | Venus lander | 17 May 1969 | Successful | |||
Lander operated for 51 minutes in the atmosphere of Venus. | |||||||
12 January 12:10[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 20 January 1969[4] | Successful | |||
14 January 07:30 |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 17 January 1969 | Successful | ||
First docking between two crewed spacecraft (with Soyuz 5) | |||||||
15 January 07:04 |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 18 January 1969 | Successful | ||
First docking between two crewed spacecraft (with Soyuz 4) | |||||||
20 January 04:14[5] |
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Selenocentric | Test flight | 20 January 1969 | Failure | |||
One of the RD-0210 engines in the second stage failed, resulting in automatic shutdown of the vehicle. Capsule was successfully recovered after successful launch abort. | |||||||
22 January 16:48[6] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Astronomy | 2 April 1984[4] | Successful | ||
22 January 19:10[8] |
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NRO | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 3 February 1969[4] | Partial failure | ||
Apogee was too high as the Agena rocket stage failed to switch off at a correct time.[7] | |||||||
23 January 09:15[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 5 February 1969[4] | Successful | |||
25 January 11:10[5] |
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Low Earth | Naval surveillance | 23 January 1969 | Failure | |||
30 January 06:46[8] |
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CSA | Medium Earth | Science | 在轨 | Successful | ||
February[编辑] | |||||||
1 February 12:11[3] |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Meteorology | 1 February 1969 | Failure | ||
5 February 06:46[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 24 February 1969[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 在轨 | Successful | ||
6 February 00:39[6] |
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Intelsat | Geostationary | Communications | 在轨 | Successful | ||
7 February 13:59[3] |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Radar calibration | 1 May 1969[4] | Successful | ||
9 February 21:09[6] |
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USAF | Geostationary | Communications | 在轨 | Successful | ||
19 February 06:48[5] |
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Selenocentric | Lunar lander and rover | 19 February 1969 | Failure | |||
Engine failure in the first stage, rocket crashed 15 km from the pad. | |||||||
21 February 09:18 |
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RVSN | Selenocentric | Test flight | 21 February | Failure | ||
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RVSN | Selenocentric | Mass simulator | 21 February | Failure | ||
25 February 01:29[6] |
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NASA | Heliocentric | Mars flyby | 在轨 | Successful | ||
25 February 10:20[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 5 March 1969[4] | Successful | |||
26 February 07:47[6] |
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ESSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Meteorology | 在轨 | Successful | ||
26 February 08:30[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 6 March 1969[4] | Successful | |||
March[编辑] | |||||||
3 March 16:00 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 13 March 1969 | Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Test flight | 13 March 1969 | Successful | ||
First crewed orbital test of lunar module | |||||||
4 March 16:48[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 18 March 1969[4] | Successful | ||
Apogee was too high as the Agena rocket stage failed to switch off at a correct time.[7] | |||||||
5 March 13:04[9] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 9 May 1970[4] | Successful | |||
5 March 17:25[3] |
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Low Earth | ELINT | 21 October 1978[4] | Successful | |||
6 March 12:15[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 14 March 1969[4] | Successful | |||
15 March 12:15[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 March 1969[4] | Successful | |||
17 March 17:25[3] |
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Low Earth | Geodesy | 在轨 | Successful | |||
18 March 07:40[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 5 March 1970[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 24 March 1969[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 28 August 1972[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 在轨 | Successful | ||
19 March 21:38[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 24 March 1969[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 6 December 1971[4] | Successful | ||
22 March 12:15[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 30 March 1969[4] | Successful | |||
24 March 10:10[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 1 April 1969[4] | Successful | |||
26 March 12:30[3] |
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Low Earth | Meteorology | 26 March 2012 | Successful | |||
27 March 10:40[5] |
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Areocentric | Mars orbiter | 27 March 1969 | Failure | |||
Payload fairing failed at T+51. Third stage failed to ignite. | |||||||
27 March 22:22[6] |
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NASA | Heliocentric | Mars flyby | 在轨 | Successful | ||
28 March 16:00[3] |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Radar calibration | 7 February 1970[4] | Successful | ||
April[编辑] | |||||||
2 April 10:33[5] |
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Areocentric | Mars orbiter and lander | 2 April 1969 | Failure | |||
Rocket crashed near pad after 1st stage engine failure. | |||||||
4 April 10:20[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 11 April 1969[4] | Successful | |||
4 April 13:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 6 July 1969[4] | Successful | |||
9 April 13:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 17 April 1969[4] | Successful | |||
11 April 02:30[5] |
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Molniya | Communications | 17 April 1974 | Successful | |||
13 April 02:24[6] |
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NRO | Geostationary | Reconnaissance | 在轨 | Successful | ||
14 April 07:54[8] |
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NASA, NOAA | Low Earth | Meteorology | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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US Army | Low Earth | Geodesy | 在轨 | Successful | ||
15 April 08:14[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 April 1969[4] | Successful | |||
15 April 17:30[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 30 April 1969[4] | Successful | ||
23 April 09:55[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 6 May 1969[4] | Successful | |||
May[编辑] | |||||||
2 May 01:46[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 May 1969[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 16 February 1970[4] | Successful | ||
13 May 09:15[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 21 May 1969[4] | Successful | |||
18 May 16:49 |
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NASA | Selenocentric | Crewed Lunar orbital flight | 26 May 1969 | Successful | ||
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NASA | Selenocentric | Test flight | 在轨 | Successful | ||
First test of lunar module in lunar orbit. "Dress rehearsal" of Apollo 11 landing. | |||||||
20 May 08:40[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 28 May 1969[4] | Successful | |||
22 May 02:00[6] |
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Intelsat | Geostationary | Communications | 在轨 | Successful | ||
23 May 07:57[6] |
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USAF | High Earth | Nuclear detection | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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USAF | High Earth | Technology demonstration | 在轨 | Successful | ||
27 May 12:59[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 10 December 1969[4] | Successful | |||
29 May 06:59[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 6 June 1969[4] | Successful | |||
June[编辑] | |||||||
3 June 12:57[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 7 October 1969[4] | Successful | |||
3 June 16:49[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 14 June 1969[4] | Successful | ||
5 June 14:42[8] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Research | 12 October 1979[4] | Successful | ||
14 June 04:00[5] |
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Selenocentric | Lunar sample return | 14 June 1969 | Failure | |||
Blok D upper stage failed to ignite, thus leaving the payload on a suborbital trajectory. | |||||||
15 June 08:59[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 June 1969[4] | Successful | |||
21 June 08:47[8] |
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NASA | Highly elliptical | Magnetospheric research | 在轨 | Successful | ||
24 June 06:50[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 2 July 1969[4] | Successful | |||
27 June 06:59[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 5 July 1969[4] | Successful | |||
29 June 03:15[6] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Life science | 7 July 1969[4] | Successful | ||
July[编辑] | |||||||
2 July 07:04 |
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ELDO | Test flight | 2 July 1969 | Failure | |||
3 July 20:18 |
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Selenocentric | Test flight | 3 July 1969 | Failure | |||
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Selenocentric | Mass simulator | 3 July 1969 | Failure | |||
Exploded due to faulty engines and a bolt that was sucked into a fuel pump. | |||||||
10 July 09:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 15 July 1969[4] | Successful | |||
13 July 02:54[5] |
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Selenocentric | Lunar sample return | 20 July 1969 | Success | |||
Lander crashed to the surface of the Moon in an attempted landing. | |||||||
16 July 13:32 |
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NASA | Selenocentric | Crewed Lunar orbital flight | 24 July 1969 | Successful | ||
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NASA | Selenocentric | Crewed Lunar landing | 在轨 | Successful | ||
First crewed Moon landing. | |||||||
22 July 12:30[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 30 July 1969[4] | Successful | |||
22 July 12:55[5] |
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Molniya | Communications | 18 June 1971[4] | Successful | |||
23 July 04:39[8] |
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USAF, NRO | Low Earth | Meteorology | 在轨 | Successful | ||
23 July 09:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 23 July 1969 | Failure | |||
Second stage failed at T+267 seconds. | |||||||
24 July 01:30[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 August 1969[4] | Successful | ||
26 July 02:06[6] |
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Intelsat | Geostationary | Communications | 14 October 1988[4] | Failure | ||
Third stage failure left the spacecraft in an unusable orbit. | |||||||
31 July 10:19[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | ELINT | 4 January 1973[4] | Successful | ||
August[编辑] | |||||||
6 August 05:40[5] |
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Low Earth | Mass simulator | 8 September 1969 | Successful | |||
First test flight of Tsyklon-2 booster. Flew with a dummy payload planned to be used as an ASAT target but the ASAT interceptor test flight was later cancelled. | |||||||
7 August 23:48[5] |
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High Earth | Lunar flyby | 13 August 1969 | Successful | |||
The only successful test flight of Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft. Circumlunar flight, perilune 1,984 km. | |||||||
9 August 07:52[6] |
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NASA | Low Earth | Solar observatory | 7 March 1981[4] | Successful | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 28 April 1977[4] | Successful | ||
12 August 11:01[6] |
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NASA | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在轨 | Successful | ||
13 August 22:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Navigation | 在轨 | Successful | |||
16 August 11:59[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 28 August 1969[4] | Successful | |||
19 August 13:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 27 August 1969[4] | Successful | |||
22 August 14:14[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 1 December 1969[4] | Successful | |||
23 August 16:00[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 7 September 1969[4] | Successful | ||
27 August 21:59[6] |
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NASA | Heliocentric | Solar orbiter | 27 August 1969 | Failure | ||
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NASA | Low Earth orbit | Technology demonstration | 27 August 1969 | Failure | ||
First flight of Delta L rocket. First stage hydraulics failure threw the second stage far off course and the vehicle was destroyed by range safety at T+383 seconds. | |||||||
29 August 09:05[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 6 September 1969[4] | Successful | |||
September[编辑] | |||||||
2 September 11:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 10 September 1969[4] | Successful | |||
15 September 08:40[5] |
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Low Earth | Weapon test | 15 September 1969[4] | Successful | |||
18 September 08:40[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 22 September 1969[4] | Successful | |||
22 September 02:10[10] |
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ISAS | Low Earth | Test flight | 22 September 1969 | Failure | ||
22 September 21:11[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 13 October 1969[4] | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 16 May 1971[4] | Successful | ||
23 September 14:07[5] |
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Selenocentric | Lunar sample return | 27 September 1969[4] | Failure | |||
Blok D stage failed due to valve defect and the probe failed to leave Earth orbit. | |||||||
24 September 12:15[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 2 October 1969[4] | Successful | |||
30 September 13:40[8] |
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NRL/US Navy | Low Earth | ELINT | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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NRL/US Navy | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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NRL/US Navy | Low Earth | Navigation | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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NRL | Low Earth | Calibration | 在轨 | Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Calibration | Cone: In orbit Cylinder: 14 February 2023[11] |
Successful | ||
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USAF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 在轨 | Successful | ||
October[编辑] | |||||||
1 October 22:29[8] |
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ESRO | Low Earth | Research | 在轨 | Partial failure | ||
Orbit was lower than planned. | |||||||
6 October 01:45[3] |
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Low Earth | Meteorology | 20 August 2002[4] | Successful | |||
11 October 11:10 |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 16 October 1969 | Partial failure | ||
Rendezvous with Soyuz 7 and 8 unsuccessful due to electronic failure. | |||||||
12 October 10:44 |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 16 October 1969 | Partial failure | ||
Rendezvous with Soyuz 6 and 8 unsuccessful due to electronic failure. | |||||||
13 October 10:19 |
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RVSN | Low Earth | Crewed orbital flight | 16 October 1969 | Partial failure | ||
Rendezvous with Soyuz 6 and 7 unsuccessful due to electronic failure. | |||||||
14 October[12] 13:19 |
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Interkosmos | Low Earth | Solar research | 2 January 1970[4] | Successful | ||
17 October 11:45[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 25 October 1969[4] | Successful | |||
18 October 10:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 23 January 1970[4] | Successful | |||
21 October 12:49[3] |
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Low Earth | Navigation | 在轨 | Successful | |||
22 October 14:09[5] |
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Selenocentric | Lunar sample return | 在轨 | Failure | |||
Control system of the Blok D stage failed and the probe failed to leave Earth orbit. | |||||||
24 October 09:40[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 5 November 1969[4] | Successful | |||
24 October 13:01[9] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 30 December 1970[4] | Successful | |||
24 October 18:10[8] |
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USAF | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 8 November 1969[4] | Successful | ||
November[编辑] | |||||||
4 November 11:59[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 4 January 1970[4] | Successful | |||
8 November 01:52[8] |
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BMWF/DLR | Medium Earth | Ionospheric research | 在轨 | Successful | ||
First West German satellite | |||||||
12 November 11:30[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 20 November 1969[4] | Successful | |||
14 November 16:22 |
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NASA | Selenocentric | Crewed Lunar orbital flight | 24 November 1969 | Successful | ||
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NASA | Selenocentric | Crewed Lunar landing | 20 November 1969 | Successful | ||
Second crewed Moon landing. | |||||||
15 November 08:30[5] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 23 November 1969[4] | Successful | |||
22 November 02:00[6] |
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MoD | Geostationary | Communications (military) | 在轨 | Successful | ||
24 November 11:00[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 10 March 1970[4] | Successful | |||
24 November 16:49[3] |
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Low Earth | Geodesy | 在轨 | Successful | |||
28 November 09:00[5] |
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Medium Earth | Flight test | 在轨 | Failure | |||
First stage failure | |||||||
December[编辑] | |||||||
3 December 13:20[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 15 December 1969[4] | Successful | |||
4 December 21:37[8] |
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CIA | Low Earth | Optical imaging | 10 January 1970[4] | Successful | ||
11 December 12:58[3] |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 22 March 1970[4] | Successful | |||
20 December 03:26[3] |
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Low Earth | ELINT | 25 March 1979[4] | Successful | |||
23 December 09:25[5] |
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Low Earth | Dummy ASAT warhead | 28 August 1970[4] | Successful | |||
23 December 13:50[3] |
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Low Earth | Optical imaging | 5 January 1970[4] | Successful | |||
25 December 09:59[9] |
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Interkosmos | Low Earth | Ionosphere research | 7 June 1970[4] | Successful | ||
27 December[3] | ![]() |
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Low Earth | Ionosphere research | 在轨 | Failure |
亚轨道发射
[编辑]发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星) |
载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
附注 | |||||||
January-March[编辑] | |||||||
17 January[13] | ![]() |
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NASA/RTG | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 17 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 117千米(73英里). | |||||||
21 January[14] | ![]() |
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RAE/WRE | Suborbital | Astronomy | 21 January | Failure | ||
23 January 20:00[14] |
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RAE/WRE | Suborbital | Astronomy | 23 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 149千米(93英里). | |||||||
23 January 23:00[13] |
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NASA/RTG | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 23 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 116千米(72英里). | |||||||
25 January 21:00[13] |
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NASA/RTG | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 25 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 118千米(73英里). | |||||||
3 February 21:05[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 3 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 157千米(98英里). | |||||||
11 February 21:09[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 11 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 157千米(98英里). | |||||||
14 February 22:15[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 14 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 149千米(93英里). | |||||||
15 February 21:20[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 15 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 153千米(95英里). | |||||||
20 February 11:48[15] |
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FU-170 CIRCE | CNES | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 20 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 107千米(66英里) | |||||||
25 February 16:33[16] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 25 February | Successful | |||
Apogee: 136千米(85英里). | |||||||
25 February 21:37[16] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 25 February | Failure | |||
25 February 23:50[16] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 25 February | Successful | |||
Apogee: 128千米(80英里). | |||||||
15 March 17:55[13] |
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DFVLR | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 15 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 226千米(140英里). | |||||||
15 March 20:54[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 15 March | Successful | |||
Apogee: 211千米(131英里). | |||||||
15 March 22:31[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 15 March | Successful | |||
Apogee: 211千米(131英里). | |||||||
16 March 18:05[13] |
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DFVLR | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 16 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 233千米(145英里). | |||||||
17 March 00:04[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 17 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 151千米(94英里). | |||||||
17 March 18:10[13] |
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DFVLR | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 17 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 231千米(144英里). | |||||||
17 March 18:23[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 17 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 148千米(92英里). | |||||||
18 March 18:16[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 18 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 170千米(110英里). | |||||||
20 March 05:37[17] |
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HEMLOCK | DARPA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 20 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 176千米(109英里) | |||||||
29 March 20:00[13] |
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SRC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 29 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: 150千米(93英里). | |||||||
April-June[编辑] | |||||||
1 April 09:54[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 1 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 192千米(119英里). | |||||||
3 April 00:35[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 3 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 192千米(119英里). | |||||||
9 April 20:38[16] |
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NTNF | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 9 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 139千米(86英里). | |||||||
13 April 00:33[16] |
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CNES | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 13 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 139千米(86英里). | |||||||
14 April 18:15[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 14 April | Failure | |||
15 April 11:03[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 15 April | Successful | |||
Apogee: 134千米(83英里). | |||||||
16 April[18] | ![]() |
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CONAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 16 April | Successful | |||
First flight of Canopus 2 sounding rocket. Apogee: 150千米(93英里). | |||||||
17 April 05:05[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 17 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 202千米(126英里). | |||||||
17 April 21:48[16] |
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CNES | Suborbital | 17 April | Successful | |||
Apogee: 329千米(204英里). | |||||||
22 April 03:31[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 22 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 181千米(112英里). | |||||||
1 May[19] | ![]() |
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Sandia National Laboratories | Suborbital | Test flight | 1 May | Successful | |||
First flight of the Sandhawk Tomahawk configuration. Apogee: 528千米(328英里). | |||||||
14 May 02:44[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 14 May | Successful | ||
Apogee: 178千米(111英里). | |||||||
24 May 05:52[20] |
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LRL BOX-16 TT-9 | Sandia National Laboratories | Suborbital | Astronomy | 24 May | Successful | ||
Apogee: 159千米(99英里) | |||||||
5 June 19:28[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 5 June | Successful | |||
Apogee: 130千米(81英里). | |||||||
27 June 22:58[21] |
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R0 | ![]() |
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RAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 June | Failure | |||
Test flight with inert third stage. Lost control 50 seconds into the flight, destroyed by range safety. | |||||||
July-September[编辑] | |||||||
5 July 19:45[22] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 5 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 200千米(120英里). | |||||||
6 July 19:50[22] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 6 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 275千米(171英里). | |||||||
11 July 19:42[22] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 11 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 203千米(126英里). | |||||||
13 July 19:41[22] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 13 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 280千米(170英里). | |||||||
14 July 23:53[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 14 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 216千米(134英里). | |||||||
15 July[24][25] | ![]() |
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Suborbital | Re-entry test for the Spiral program | 15 July | Successful | |||
Subscale model of the Spiral spaceplane, transmitted data until burning up as planned at 60-70 km altitude. Apogee: 100 km[23] | |||||||
16 July 22:33[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 16 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 244千米(152英里). | |||||||
24 July[26] | ![]() |
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WRE | Suborbital | Test flight | 24 July | Successful | |||
Apogee: 115千米(71英里) | |||||||
25 July 04:10[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 25 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 244千米(152英里). | |||||||
29 July 22:57[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 29 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 262千米(163英里). | |||||||
5 August 09:08[27] |
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WRE | Suborbital | 5 August | Successful | ||||
Apogee: 208千米(129英里) | |||||||
11 August 01:30[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 11 August | Successful | ||
Apogee: 112千米(70英里). | |||||||
14 August 02:01[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 11 August | Successful | |||
Apogee: 112千米(70英里). | |||||||
21 August 01:57[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 29 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 197千米(122英里). | |||||||
12 September[18] | ![]() |
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CONAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 12 September | Successful | |||
First test flight of Rigel sounding rocket. Apogee: 250千米(160英里) | |||||||
October-December[编辑] | |||||||
5 October 22:28[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 5 October | Successful | |||
Apogee: 225千米(140英里). | |||||||
10 October 20:01[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 10 October | Successful | |||
Apogee: 135千米(84英里). | |||||||
15 October 18:46[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 15 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 318千米(198英里). | |||||||
17 October 09:15[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 17 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 318千米(198英里). | |||||||
17 October 22:27[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 17 October | Successful | |||
Apogee: 225千米(140英里). | |||||||
20 October 07:28[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 20 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 223千米(139英里). | |||||||
22 October 06:10[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 22 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 216千米(134英里). | |||||||
23 October[18] | ![]() |
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CONAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 October | Successful | |||
Apogee: 150千米(93英里). | |||||||
24 October 05:44[22] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | Astronomy | 13 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 184千米(114英里). | |||||||
8 November[28] | ![]() |
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FU-189 Star pointing test | CNES | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 8 November | Successful | ||
Last flight of the Vesta sounding rocket. Apogee: 204千米(127英里). | |||||||
10 November 21:00[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 10 November | Successful | |||
Apogee: 214千米(133英里). | |||||||
18 November 02:17[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 18 November | Failure | ||
Apogee: 208千米(129英里). | |||||||
20 November 00:30[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 20 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 242千米(150英里). | |||||||
26 November 00:38[16] |
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NTNF | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 26 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 107千米(66英里). | |||||||
26 November 23:32[14] |
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BAC | Suborbital | Astronomy | 26 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 180千米(110英里). | |||||||
27 November 05:29[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 27 November | Successful | |||
Apogee: 160千米(99英里). | |||||||
27 November 06:31[13] |
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ESRO | Suborbital | 27 November | Successful | |||
Apogee: 164千米(102英里). | |||||||
30 November 02:58[16] |
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NTNF | Suborbital | Ionosphere research, Aeronomy | 30 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 100千米(62英里). | |||||||
6 December 06:00[24] |
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Suborbital | Re-entry test for the Spiral program | 6 December | Successful | |||
Subscale model of the Spiral spaceplane.[29] Apogee: 100 km | |||||||
9 December[26] | ![]() |
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WRE | Suborbital | Test flight | 9 December | Successful | |||
Last flight of HAD rocket. Apogee: 115千米(71英里). | |||||||
22 December[18] | ![]() |
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CONAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 December | Successful | |||
Apogee: 250千米(160英里) | |||||||
23 December[18] | ![]() |
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CONAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 December | Successful | |||
Apogee: 150千米(93英里). |
从月球发射
[编辑]发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星) |
载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
附注 | |||||||
7月21日 17:54 |
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静海基地, 月球静海 | ![]() | ||||
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NASA | 环月轨道(CSM) | 载人 | 在轨 | 成功 | ||
搭载2名宇航员 | |||||||
11月20日 14:25:47 |
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知海基地,月球风暴洋 | ![]() | ||||
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NASA | 环月轨道(CSM) | 载人 | 11月20日 | 成功 | ||
搭载2名宇航员 |
深空交会
[编辑]日期(GMT) | 航天器 | 事件 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|
5月16日 | 金星5号 | 金星大气层进入 | 大气探测器在金星大气中工作了53分钟 |
5月17日 | 金星6号 | 金星大气层进入 | 大气探测器在金星大气中工作了51分钟 |
5月21日 | 阿波罗10号 | 绕月球31圈 | 飞行高度约15.4公里 |
7月20日 | 阿波罗11号 | 登月 | 22kg来自静海(样本返回任务) |
7月21日 | 月球15号 | 月球撞击 | 撞击危海(样本返回任务)。主要任务失败。 |
8月5日 | 水手6号 | 飞越火星 | 近地点:3,412公里。25张特写照片。 |
8月5日 | 水手7号 | 飞越火星 | 近地点:3,543公里。33张特写照片。 |
8月11日 | 佐德7号 | 绕月飞行 | 近地点:1,984公里。 |
11月19日 | 阿波罗12号 | 登月 | 34kg来自风暴洋(样本返回任务) |
舱外活动
[编辑]开始时间 | 持续时间 | 结束时间 | 航天器 | 乘组 | 工作内容 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969年1月16日 12:43:00 |
1969年1月16日 13:15:00 |
0小时32分 | 联盟5号、联盟4号 | ![]() ![]() |
通过舱外活动,宇航员由联盟5号转移至已对接的联盟4号 | 首次双人舱外活动,首次载人航天器之间人员转移,唯一一次出入两个航天器的舱外活动 |
1969年7月21日 02:39:33 |
1969年7月21日 05:11:13 |
2小时31分40秒 | 阿波罗9号登月舱、指令舱 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
施威卡特从登月舱出舱,斯科特站在指令舱,麦克迪维特留在舱内。由于身体不适,施威卡特原定通过舱外活动从外部由登月舱移动至轨道舱的活动被取消。 | |
1969年7月21日 02:39:33 |
1969年7月21日 05:11:13[30] |
2小时31分40秒 | 阿波罗11号登月舱 | ![]() ![]() |
月面舱外活动,阿姆斯特朗成为踏上月球的第一人。奥尔德林紧随其后,将月球描述为“壮丽的荒凉”。[31]二人部署了早期阿波罗月面实验设备,接听了尼克松总统的电话,收集了岩石和岩心样本,升起了美国国旗,并拍摄了照片。[32]阿姆斯特朗报告说,在月球上行走比模拟更容易。[31] | 人类首次踏上月球,首次在星球表面进行的舱外活动 |
1969年11月19日 11:32:35 |
1969年11月19日 15:28:38 |
3小时56分3秒 | 阿波罗12号登月舱 | ![]() ![]() |
月面舱外活动,放置阿波罗月面实验设备。宾不小心将彩色电视摄像机对准了太阳,导致摄像机损坏。 | |
1969年11月20日 03:54:45 |
1969年11月20日 07:44:00 |
3小时49分15秒 | 阿波罗12号登月舱 | ![]() ![]() |
月面舱外活动,取回勘测者3号胶片,收集了额外的岩心和岩石样本,取回了第一次舱外活动时部署的太阳风翼板。 |
轨道发射统计
[编辑]按国家(区域)
[编辑]国家(区域) | 发射数 | 成功数 | 失败数 | 部分 失败数 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
![]() |
82 | 68 | 14 | 0 | |
![]() |
41 | 37 | 2 | 2 | |
总计 | 125 | 105 | 18 | 2 |
参考
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- 中国国家航天局
- 中国探月网
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究开发机构
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt与Launchlog.txt两项)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry