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Hygge ( /ˈh(j)uːɡə/;丹麦语:[ˈhykə] ;挪威语:[ˈhŷɡːə] ) 是丹麦语和挪威语中的一个词,描述一种因由舒适与亲密氛围所产生的温馨与满足感。作为一种文化概念,并附带一系列相关实践,hygge在丹麦及挪威的意义大致相同,并与一系列相关的生活方式与习惯相联系。;[1]然而,将hygge视为丹麦文化核心部分的观点属于20世纪晚期才出现的现象。进入21世纪后,hygge这一概念也在国际间逐渐受到关注。
词源
[编辑]根据普遍认知,hygge源自丹麦语,意为“勇敢、舒适、喜悦”[2]该词的语源可追溯至古诺斯语的hyggja,意指“思考”[2],而进一步源自古诺斯语的“hugr”,后来演变为hug,意思为“灵魂、思维、意识”[3]。
然而,也有学者推测hygge可能源自 16 世纪的英语单词hugge(拥抱),该词的确切来源不明,但与古北欧语hygga(安慰)关联密切,该词和hugr(情绪)是同源词。此外,hugr与古英语 hycgan(思考)及日耳曼语系的hugyan同源,与古北欧语hyggja皆有“思考、考量”的含义。[4]
Hygge最早出现在19世纪的丹麦文献中,随后发展成如今丹麦与挪威社会中的文化概念[5]虽然hygge在丹麦语与挪威语中的意思完全相同,并且在两国的日常语言中广泛使用(包括衍生词 hyggelig,意为“舒适的、愉快的”),但丹麦人特别强调hygge作为其文化认同的一部分,而在挪威,hygge 只是一个普通词汇,类似于英语的“cosy”(舒适)。
用法
[编辑]在丹麦语与挪威语中,hygge代表“一种日常的亲密感”,指的是一种愉悦且极受重视的日常体验,包含安全感、平等感、个人完整性,以及自然流畅的社交互动[6]。
作为名词,hygge指的是某种美好、舒适、安全且熟悉的状态,关联著一种心理上的平静感[2]。哥本哈根的幸福研究所(英语:Happiness Research Institute)曾研究hygge 对丹麦社会的正面影响。[4]
柯林斯英语词典将hygge定义为:“源自丹麦的一种概念,透过营造舒适与温馨的氛围来促进幸福感”。[7]
在《Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: A Case Study on Danish Universe of Meaning》(直译:文化语义与社会认知:丹麦语意宇宙的案例研究)一书中,学者指出将hygge翻译成英语极为困难,导致不同的翻译产生不同的诠释[8]。
影响
[编辑]丹麦
[编辑]对丹麦人而言,hygge不仅是一种生活方式,更展现出舒适、简约与专注当下的精神;[4]研究者 Smoyer 与 Miking 将其定义为一种“修复性实践”,并强调丹麦人对此坚定的投入;[9]《我们最快乐: Hygge, 向全世界最幸福的丹麦人学过生活》(英语:The Little Book of Hygge)的作者Meik Wiking提出了Hygge宣言,将hygge量化为十项理想:氛围、当下、愉悦、平等、感恩、舒适、共处、和谐、休战与庇护;[10]他认为这十项理想是实现幸福生活的重要品质;[4]
许多丹麦传统皆受hygge文化影响。[4]例如,丹麦人在冬季常从零开始制作家常料理,如蛋糕或肉丸;[11]此外,hygge亦启发了丹麦全年皆宜的室内设计;[11]派、耶鲁节、毛衣、热可可和汤都是秋季和冬季的节庆传统,使得秋季和冬季看似唯一适合体验hygge的时段,但实际上,hygge 的时刻全年皆有,夏季也不例外。被视为 hygge 的夏日户外活动包括野餐、烧烤、音乐会、街市以及骑自行车;[12]在 Lindsey Robert 的文章《夏日酷热中也能获得 hygge 感觉的6种方法》(英语:6 Ways to get that Hygge feeling, even in the Summer Swelter)中,她建议:为家具赋予第二生命、在室内添置植物、整理空间、交替使用纺织品、挑选具有特色的装饰品,以及规划户外空间。[11]
hygge甚至影响到丹麦的监狱。[9]hygge甚至影响到丹麦的监狱。在《hygge:丹麦女囚的饮食与安全感建构》(英语:Hygge: Food and the Construction of Safety among Incarcerated Women in Denmark)中,研究者Smoyer与Minke采访了在押女性,发现她们被允许穿着自己的服装,并尽力将牢房打造成简约而舒适的空间。研究结果显示,hygge 对这些女性具有正面效益。[9]
根据研究显示,许多丹麦人会玩电子游戏(例如,96% 的13至19岁丹麦男性每天都玩游戏)[13],因此Hygge对丹麦电子游戏产业产生深远影响并不令人惊讶。[14]丹麦电子游戏玩家积极追求并维护一种社群感,借此在共享的线上空间中达成hygge,调节玩家对他人的行为甚至游戏中的成就,以维持和谐。[14]在丹麦针对年轻电子游戏玩家所进行的多项研究显示,游戏与社交技能和学业成就的提升有关,这在很大程度上得益于文化上倾向于hygge[15][16][17]
国际
[编辑]hygge概念已被丹麦以外的国家所采用。[10]例如,在一篇名为《家和hygge》(英语:Home with Hygge)的文章中,Broyles 指出,美国人常梦想着更大更多的事物,但根据《世界幸福报告》,美国在国民幸福感排名中仅列第十八,而丹麦人则常居前三。[18]也有人开始将 Hygge 宣言融入日常生活,以期达到生活简化。
丹麦、丹麦人,以及丹麦企业与组织,均被视为运用“hygge”作为软实力工具,以实现地缘政治目标。[19]例如,丹麦的绿色企业借由 hygge 吸引外来优秀人才[20]丹麦酒业巨擘嘉士伯在行销活动中强调啤酒消费与体育娱乐间的友爱关系。[21]以及哥本哈根大学明确指出,hygge所带来的舒适感是吸引国际学生的重要原因之一。[22]
可以说,hygge是丹麦对一个更广泛的传统斯堪的纳维亚乃至北欧情感社会文化综合体的诠释,该综合体深植于该区域的历史与地理。[23]有观点指出,hygge不仅源于丹麦语,同时也源于挪威语。许多作者认为,hygge的词源可追溯至18世纪的挪威语,其涵盖火、安定、安全、社群或家庭纽带、舒适与快乐、井然有序、宁静等多种概念。[24]更具体而言,hygge的根源在于古北欧语,与火有关,其热与光为家庭提供了免受外界危险的保护。[25]
透过观察北欧(斯堪的纳维亚)的自然地理与历史发展——在黑暗、寒冷、多雨的冬季、偶尔贫瘠的农业环境,以及长期离家从事贸易与渔业、面对常在凛冽海域中的生活——便可理解该地区居民如何渴望并形塑出这样的社会状态。例如,瑞典拥有类似的文化概念 Lagom,意指“不多不少”,展现与 hygge 中“少即是多”相似的价值观[26]瑞典亦有类似挪威的“Mys”或“Mysigt”,以及概念相近的“Koselig”,均常用来形容一种温馨(粗略对应英文 cosy)、温暖与舒适的感受,代表与社群和家人共享的美好时光、享用朴实且令人慰藉的美食,以及与自然的连结[27][28][29][30]冰岛则有一个概念称为 “þetta reddast”,可理解为“一切都会好起来”,这一表达因该国严酷、荒凉且寒冷的环境而融入日常语言[31]芬兰(尽管其文化与斯堪的纳维亚国家有所区别)也有一个类似概念,称为 sisu,被认为是芬兰人的国民性格。,被认为是芬兰人的国民性格。sisu被视为比hygge更为“原始”,集合了勇气、毅力、面对逆境的坚持与韧性等特质,但这种坚韧亦与类似hygge的舒适感相辅相成,特别体现在桑拿文化、与自然合一,以及光与热等方面。[32][33]
疗愈效益
[编辑]有许多活动被发现可以帮助减少敌意和焦虑感,同时促进人际之间的连结。[34]这些具有“hygge”特质的活动,由幸福研究所(The Happiness Institute)倡导,已知能够透过催产素的释放带来爱、温暖与安全感。[35][36]参与hygge的实践可能有助于整体幸福感的提升。一些拥抱这种生活方式的人,甚至将其作为整体健康照护的一部分。[34]
这些活动包括:透过蜡烛与灯光来营造环境氛围、欣赏大自然、透过泡澡、按摩、舒适的毛毯来促进放松与平静、透过写日记培养正念、以及透过冥想或祈祷来提升心灵成长。
流行文化
[编辑]Collins English Dictionary named hygge the runner-up (after Brexit) as word of the year in the UK in 2016.[7] This followed a period during which several books focusing on hygge had been marketed in the UK,[37] such as Meik Wiking's The Little Book of Hygge,[38] Marie Tourell Søderberg's Hygge: The Danish Art of Happiness,[39] and Louisa Thomsen Brits's The Book of Hygge: The Danish Art of Living Well.[40]
《柯林斯英语字典》在2016年将 hygge 定为英国年度次佳词汇(仅次于 Brexit);[7] 此前,英国市场上已有多本聚焦于 hygge 的书籍推广,例如 Meik Wiking 的《小小 hygge 手册》、Marie Tourell Søderberg 的《hygge:丹麦的快乐艺术》,以及 Louisa Thomsen Brits 的《hygge 之书:丹麦的美好生活艺术》;[37][38][39][40]
The concept of hygge gained popularity with an international audience in late 2017, resulting in an increase of online searches and the rise of the hashtag "#Hygge" on Instagram.[41]
hygge 概念于2017年底开始受到国际关注,随之引发线上搜寻量激增,Instagram 上的 #Hygge 标签也随之流行;[41]
In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, there is a Hygge & Happiness walking tour.[42]
在丹麦首都哥本哈根,设有一条名为“Hygge 与幸福”的步行导览路线;[42]
Act II of the Broadway musical Frozen opens with the song "Hygge", which is all about being comfortable, happy, and together.
百老汇音乐剧《冰雪奇缘》第二幕以歌曲“Hygge”展开,歌词围绕着舒适、快乐与共处;
In the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Jemima Davies-Smythe incorporates hygge into a redesign of her half-brother Karl Kennedy's living room.[43]
在澳洲肥皂剧《邻居》中,Jemima Davies-Smythe 将 hygge 融入对其同父异母兄弟 Karl Kennedy 客厅的重新设计;
In the 2019 book by Sally Goldenbaum, A Murderous Tangle (Seaside Knitter's Society Book 3), pg 26, the character Nell sees a poster and says the phrase out loud: "SEASIDE KNITTING STUDIO'S FIRST HOLIDAY HYGGE." The meaning and the format of their hygge is discussed in the poster and amongst the friends who meet regularly on Thursday nights for food, conversation, warmth, and knitting at the studio. Chapter 9 has descriptions of the first hygge event which went well despite the "cold and damp day... and news of a murder", p87.
在 Sally Goldenbaum 2019年的著作《谋杀纠葛》(《海边针织社会》第3册,第26页)中,角色 Nell 看到一张海报,大声说出:“海边针织工作室的第一个节日 hygge”。海报中以及定期于星期四晚聚会的朋友们间,都讨论著这个 hygge 的意涵与形式;(详见第9章,描述首次 hygge 活动在“寒冷潮湿的日子……以及谋杀案消息”下仍顺利进行的情形,第87页)
A UK housing development in the town of Keynsham, Somerset, was named "Hygge Park" by developer Crest Nicholson in 2019.[44]
2019年,英国萨默塞特郡 Keynsham 小镇的一处住宅开发案被开发商 Crest Nicholson 命名为“Hygge Park”;[44]
Swedish-owned ferry company Stena Line offers a series of premium relaxation lounges on its Irish Sea ferry services called "Hygge Lounges".[45] In November 2020, The Hygge Suite brand of vacation rentals opened in Giants Ridge, Minnesota; and later two more in Lutsen, Minnesota, aimed at getting people away from the cities to relax and unwind with their loved ones.[46] In September 2022, Hotel Hygge opened in Buellton, California.[47]
瑞典拥有的渡轮公司 Stena Line 在其爱尔兰海渡轮服务中,设有一系列名为“Hygge Lounges”的高级休闲室;[45] 2020年11月,位于明尼苏达州 Giants Ridge 的 The Hygge Suite 休假租赁品牌启用,随后在明尼苏达州 Lutsen 又陆续开设了两家,旨在让人们远离都市,与挚爱共享放松时光;[46] 2022年9月,加州 Buellton 的 Hotel Hygge 正式开幕;[47]
The second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom Motherland, "Soft Opening", saw Amanda open a concept store called "Hygge Tygge" which, unbeknown to her, means "cosy chewing" in Danish.[48]
BBC 情景喜剧《Motherland》第二季第二集“Soft Opening”中,Amanda 开设了一家概念店,命名为“Hygge Tygge”,而她未曾察觉该名称在丹麦语中意指“舒适咀嚼”;[48]
The Ghost and Molly McGee episode "Ready, Set, Snow" sees Molly trying to get the most out of a snow day while her family and Libby stay inside to experience hygge.[49]
在《The Ghost and Molly McGee》的一集中,标题为“Ready, Set, Snow”的剧情中,Molly 试图在雪天充分利用时间,而她的家人及 Libby 则留在室内体验 hygge;[49]
类似词汇
[编辑]- In Dutch, gezelligheid similarly pertains comfort and coziness, but this term is social oriented rather than place (being in good company anywhere)
- In German, Gemütlichkeit means the state of warmth, friendliness and belonging.
- The Japanese adjective/verb まったり (mattari) suggests a feeling of calm relaxation.[50]
- The Norwegian adjective koselig is used to describe a feeling of warmth, intimacy and getting together in an agreeable environment.
- The Swedish adjective mysig (and its associated noun mys) describes a pleasant and warm atmosphere of togetherness in a pleasant setting.
- In Yiddish, the adjective היימיש (heimish) conveys the sense of "familiar, homey, informal, cozy, warm".
- In Swedish, lagom means "not too much, not too little"; it embodies similar values to Hygge's "less is more" attitude
- In Costa Rica, the Spanish phrase pura vida (literally "pure life") carries a similar connotation of a carefree, laid back and optimistic national spirit.
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Gullestad, Marianne. https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2015102906007;page=248
|chapterurl=
缺少标题 (帮助). Home Decoration as Popular Culture. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. 1992: 235. ISBN 8200216527 (英语). - ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf. Hygge. Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog. Kristiania: Aschehoug. 1903: 315 (挪威语).
- ^ Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf. Hu. Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog. Kristiania: Aschehoug. 1903: 303 (挪威语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Wiking, Meik. The Little Book of Hygge: The Danish Way to Live Well. National Geographic Books. September 2016. ISBN 9780241283912. OCLC 958463988.
- ^ Parkinson, Justin. Hygge: A heart-warming lesson from Denmark. BBC News. 2015-10-02 [2017-05-25]. (原始内容存档于30 May 2023) (英国英语).
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- ^ 14.0 14.1 Ahmad Beltagui, Thomas Schmidt. Why Can't We All Get Along? A Study of Hygge and Janteloven in a Danish Social-Casual Games Community. Games and Culture. May 2015, 12 (5): 403–425. doi:10.1177/1555412015590062.
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- ^ Linnet, Jeppe Trolle. Money Can't Buy Me Hygge: Danish Middle-Class Consumption, Egalitarianism, and the Sanctity of Inner Space. Social Analysis; Oxford. Summer 2011, 55 (2): 21–44 [2024-08-08]. doi:10.3167/sa.2011.550202. (原始内容存档于2022-08-22).
- ^ Beltagui and Schmidt. Why Can't We All Get Along? A Study of Hygge and Janteloven in a Danish Social-Casual Games Community. Games and Culture. 2015, 12 (5): 403–425. doi:10.1177/1555412015590062.
- ^ "What's all the Hygge? Global Habits Gain U.S. Fans." The Washington Post, 2018, ProQuest Central.
- ^ KOSELIG – THE NORWEGIAN CONCEPT THAT WILL HELP YOU THOUGH WINTER. www.thatscandinavianfeeling.com.
- ^ Koselig: how the Norwegians reinvented hygge. www.allthingsnordic.eu. 2019-09-05 [8 August 2024]. (原始内容存档于7 December 2023) (英语).
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- ^ McMahon, Sara. What does "þetta reddast" mean?. Iceland Magazine. [2024-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-20) (英语).
- ^ O'Sullivan, Feargus. Gird Yourself for the Latest Infuriating Nordic Life Hack. Bloomberg. 2018-04-27.
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